Citicoline is a naturally occurring compound.
It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of brain cell membranes.
It is found in trace amounts in certain foods, but it’s typically taken as a dietary supplement.
Citicoline has been extensively researched for its cognitive benefits, including improved memory and focus.
Additionally, it has been shown to promote neuroprotection and support stroke recovery.
By supplementing with Citicoline, you can experience a boost in cognitive performance and overall brain health.
Continue reading to learn more about the remarkable benefits of Citicoline.
What is Citicoline?
Citicoline, also known as CDP-choline or cytidine diphosphate-choline, is classified as a nootropic substance due to its cognitive-enhancing effects.
It is a precursor to both choline and cytidine.
Choline and cytidine are both necessary for the synthesis of essential cell components, particularly in the brain.
Citicoline was first discovered in 1956 by Kennedy and Weiss. They identified it as a key molecule in the Kennedy pathway, which is a metabolic process responsible for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylcholine in the body.
Small amounts of Citicoline can be found in foods such as eggs, liver, and certain legumes. But it is more commonly consumed as a supplement.
When taken as a supplement, Citicoline has been shown to provide various cognitive benefits, including improved memory and focus.
Additionally, Citicoline demonstrates neuroprotective properties. It has been linked to aiding stroke recovery.
How Does Citicoline Work in the Brain?
Citicoline works by increasing the levels of choline and cytidine in the brain. This helps produce more phosphatidylcholine and other essential neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine. This then supports cognitive function, memory, and learning.
When consumed as a supplement, Citicoline is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in the liver. It is then broken down into choline and cytidine.
Choline and cytidine then enter the bloodstream and cross the blood-brain barrier, reaching the brain. Inside the brain, choline and cytidine are recombined to form Citicoline again.
Citicoline then participates in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, a major component of cell membranes, particularly in brain cells. This process helps maintain the integrity and fluidity of cell membranes, ensuring proper cell signaling and communication.
Citicoline also indirectly supports the production of neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, which is essential for memory and learning.
Citicoline also demonstrates neuroprotective effects by reducing the production of harmful free radicals and pro-inflammatory substances in the brain. This helps protect brain cells from oxidative stress, inflammation, and age-related degeneration.
For example, it helps regulate glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter that can cause neuronal damage when present in excessive amounts.
Lastly, Citicoline has been shown to enhance brain plasticity, promote the growth of new neural connections, and reduce inflammation and damage in the brain.
18 Proven Benefits of Citicoline (CDP-Choline)
1. Citicoline Enhances Memory
Citicoline has been shown to improve memory.
This is partially attributed to its role in increasing acetylcholine levels, a neurotransmitter essential for memory and learning.
Multiple studies have demonstrated the memory-enhancing effects of Citicoline.
In one study, older adults with age-related memory impairments took Citicoline for 12 weeks.
The study participants received either 1,000 mg or 500 mg of Citicoline daily.
They experienced improvements in memory after taking it (1).
Researchers have also examined the effects of Citicoline on healthy adult women.
The women took 250 mg or 500 mg daily doses of Citicoline for 28 days.
It led to significant improvements in cognitive function, including memory (2).
Lastly, a team of researchers analyzed various studies on Citicoline's effects on stroke recovery.
They concluded that patients who received Citicoline showed improvements in memory and cognitive function (3).
These studies, among others, provide strong evidence for the memory-enhancing effects of Citicoline.
2. Citicoline Improves Focus and Attention
Citicoline supports the synthesis of essential neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, which play vital roles in attention and focus.
By increasing the availability of these neurotransmitters, Citicoline helps improve attention and focus.
Research has found this to be true.
Several studies have shown that Citicoline supplementation can help enhance attention, focus, and concentration.
In one study, healthy adult women took 250-500 mg daily doses of Citicoline for 28 days.
The researchers found that the women experienced significant improvements in attentional performance (4).
In another study, researchers found that healthy adults who took Citicoline for six weeks experienced improvements in attention and cognitive function (5).
And then a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study looked at the effects of Citicoline on cognitive performance in healthy male volunteers.
The researchers found that participants who received Citicoline showed significant improvements in attention, working memory, and cognitive flexibility (6).
Considering all of this research, it’s very clear that Citicoline can be particularly beneficial for students, professionals, or anyone seeking to improve their focus and overall cognitive performance.
3. Citicoline Is Neuroprotective
Citicoline is known to be neuroprotective.
It protects brain cells from damage and degeneration.
It does this by maintaining the integrity of cell membranes, reducing oxidative stress, and decreasing inflammation in the brain
These effects contribute to overall brain health. They can also protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative conditions.
Several studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of Citicoline, particularly in cases of ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive decline (7-9).
Researchers found that Citicoline can help regulate the levels of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate can cause neuronal damage when present in excessive amounts (9).
4. Citicoline Helps With Stroke Recovery
Studies have shown that Citicoline can aid in the recovery process after a stroke.
It does this by enhancing brain plasticity, promoting the growth of new neural connections, and reducing inflammation and neuronal damage.
As a result, it is often used as an adjunct therapy alongside conventional stroke treatments.
Citicoline seems to be particularly helpful in patients who have suffered from ischemic strokes.
Ischemic stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is blocked, leading to a lack of oxygen and nutrients. This can then cause cell death and neurological damage.
A pooled analysis of clinical trials looked at the effects of Citicoline in acute ischemic stroke.
The researchers found that patients who received Citicoline experienced improved functional and cognitive outcomes (10).
Another research review assessed the role of Citicoline in neuroprotection and neurorepair in ischemic stroke.
The authors concluded that Citicoline was generally well-tolerated and could improve functional and cognitive outcomes in stroke patients. This was especially true when administered early in the treatment process (11).
5. Citicoline Improves Mood and Motivation
Citicoline has been linked to increased levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with motivation, pleasure, and reward.
This effect can help improve mood, motivation, and overall well-being.
As a result, some studies have proposed that Citicoline has antidepressant-like effects.
In one study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline supplementation on mood and mental energy.
The trial included 60 healthy adult participants. They received either Citicoline (250 mg/day or 500 mg/day) or a placebo for six weeks.
The participants who received Citicoline reported improvements in their mood and mental energy (12).
6. Citicoline Improves Learning
Citicoline has been shown to improve learning.
It does this by promoting various aspects of cognitive function, including memory, attention, and neuroplasticity.
In one study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline on learning and memory in adults.
This trial included 60 healthy adults. They received either Citicoline (250 mg/day or 500 mg/day) or a placebo for 28 days.
The researchers found that participants who received Citicoline exhibited improved performance in a variety of cognitive tasks, including those related to learning (13).
7. Citicoline Increases Acetylcholine in the Brain
Acetylcholine is a crucial neurotransmitter involved in various aspects of cognitive function, including learning, memory, and attention.
When Citicoline is ingested and metabolized, it is broken down into choline.
Choline can then cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain.
Once in the brain, choline is used to synthesize acetylcholine.
As a result, Citicoline has been shown to increase choline and acetylcholine levels in the brain. This then contributes to improved cognitive function.
Several studies have demonstrated that Citicoline supplementation can lead to increased acetylcholine levels in the brain.
In one study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline on cholinergic neurotransmission.
The results showed that Citicoline increased the release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus, which is a brain region critical for learning and memory (14).
Another study looked at the effects of Citicoline on the expression of brain plasticity markers.
The authors found that Citicoline led to increased levels of acetylcholine in the brain (15).
This is just two of the many studies showing that Citicoline supplementation can increase acetylcholine levels in the brain.
Check out this article to learn about 26 other ways to increase acetylcholine levels.
8. Citicoline Reduces Inflammation in the Brain
Inflammation plays a significant role in the development and progression of various neurological disorders. This includes Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke.
But Citicoline has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties, and it can help reduce inflammation in the brain.
For example, Citicoline significantly reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain (16).
In one study, researchers examined the effects of Citicoline on oxidative stress and inflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
The authors found that Citicoline reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain. This reduction in inflammation was then associated with improved cognitive function in the mice (17).
By reducing brain inflammation, Citicoline can help maintain brain health, and help prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
Check out this article to learn about 22 other ways to reduce inflammation in the brain.
9. Citicoline Enhances Brain Plasticity
Brain plasticity is the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to new experiences.
Brain plasticity plays a crucial role in the formation of new connections between neurons (synaptogenesis) and the growth of new neurons (neurogenesis).
Both synaptogenesis and neurogenesis are essential for learning, memory, and recovery from brain injuries.
Citicoline has been shown to enhance brain plasticity, synaptogenesis and neurogenesis.
In one study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline on the expression of brain plasticity markers in a rat model of stroke.
The results showed that Citicoline led to increased expression of plasticity-related proteins and growth factors, such as BDNF and NGF (18).
Another study found that Citicoline enhances brain plasticity and promotes recovery after stroke (19).
10. Citicoline Helps With Cognitive Decline, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Alzheimer's Disease
Cognitive decline is characterized by a gradual decrease in mental functions, including memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities.
Citicoline has been shown to slow down cognitive decline, particularly in aging individuals and those suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease
Several studies have demonstrated the benefits of Citicoline in slowing down cognitive decline.
One study looked at the long-term effects of Citicoline in elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment.
The researchers found that 9 months of Citicoline supplementation significantly improved cognitive performance in these patients (20).
Another study investigated the effects of Citicoline on cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
The trial found that patients who received Citicoline for 12 months experienced a slower decline in cognitive function (21).
And then a systematic review evaluated the efficacy of Citicoline in treating cognitive and behavioral disturbances in elderly patients.
The authors concluded that Citicoline showed some benefits in improving cognitive and behavioral symptoms in these patients (22).
11. Citicoline Helps Treat ADHD
Emerging evidence indicates that Citicoline can have a positive impact on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, such as inattention and impulsivity This is likely due to its influence on dopamine and acetylcholine levels.
In one study, researchers examined the effects of Citicoline on adolescents with ADHD.
The study included 48 male participants aged 13-18 years. They received either Citicoline (250 mg/day or 500 mg/day) or a placebo for 28 days.
The results showed that participants who received Citicoline experienced improvements in attention, impulsivity, and overall ADHD symptoms (23).
Another review article also discusses the impact of Citicoline on brain reward function and its potential for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including ADHD.
The authors suggest that Citicoline can help modulate dopamine pathways and improve cognitive functions in individuals with ADHD (24).
12. Citicoline Helps With Addiction
Addiction is a complex brain disorder.
It’s characterized by compulsive substance use or engagement in certain behaviors, despite negative consequences.
Research has suggested that Citicoline supplementation can help support recovery from substance abuse.
It’s especially useful in cases of ccocaine and methamphetamine addiction because it modulates dopamine pathways and reduces cravings.
One study examined the effects of short-term Citicoline supplementation on cocaine craving in cocaine-dependent subjects.
The results showed that Citicoline significantly reduced craving (25).
In a review article, researchers discussed the impact of Citicoline on brain reward function and its potential for the treatment of psychiatric disorders, including addiction.
The authors suggest that Citicoline can help modulate dopamine pathways. Dopamine plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of addiction (26).
Another review article analyzed the available literature on the use of Citicoline in treating addictive disorders.
The authors concluded that there are benefits of Citicoline in reducing cravings and improving cognitive function (27).
13. Citicoline Helps Treat Traumatic Brain Injuries and Concussions
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a disruption in normal brain function caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or a penetrating head injury.
Concussions are a form of mild TBI.
Both can lead to a wide range of symptoms such as headache, confusion, memory problems, and dizziness.
Several studies have examined the effects of Citicoline in people with traumatic brain injuries and concussions.
In a review article, researchers discussed the potential of Citicoline in treating various neurological disorders, including TBIs. They mention that Citicoline can help repair damaged brain cells and improve cognitive function after brain injury (29).
In one study, patients with head injuries were given Citicoline. The treatment resulted in improvements in memory and behavior. The researchers concluded that Citicoline can help treat post-concussion symptoms (30).
In another study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline on cognitive and motor function.
The results demonstrated that Citicoline improved both cognitive and motor function (28).
It’s believed that Citicoline can aid in the recovery process following traumatic brain injury by promoting neuroplasticity, enhancing neurotransmitter production, reducing inflammation, and repairing and regenerating brain tissue.
14. Citicoline Helps Treat Tinnitus
Tinnitus is a condition characterized by the perception of ringing, buzzing, or other noises in the ears.
There is some research suggesting that Citicoline can provide some relief to people with tinnitus.
In one retrospective case review, researchers examined the records of 24 patients who were treated with Citicoline for tinnitus.
The review found that 54% of the patients experienced a reduction in their tinnitus after taking Citicoline for at least 12 weeks (31).
It’s likely that Citicoline helps with tinnitus due to its neuroprotective and neurotransmitter modulating effects.
15. Citicoline Helps Treat Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder.
It is characterized by the death of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain, leading to motor and cognitive symptoms.
Research indicates that Citicoline can provide some benefits for individuals with Parkinson's disease. It could help improve cognitive function and enhance the effectiveness of conventional Parkinson's medications.
A review article discusses the potential benefits of Citicoline in treating various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
The authors suggest that Citicoline could protect neurons from damage, enhance the production of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, and improve cognitive function in people with Parkinson's disease (32).
In one study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline on patients with Parkinson's disease. They found that Citicoline improved motor function and reduced the severity of their symptoms (33).
Another study looked at the effects of Citicoline on patients with Parkinson's disease who were also receiving Levodopa.
The results indicated that Citicoline has some positive effects on cognitive function in patients with Parkinson's disease (34).
16. Citicoline Supports Mitochondrial Function in the Brain
Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles in cells.
Their optimal function is essential for maintaining cellular health and energy metabolism.
By supporting the mitochondrial in your brain, you can maintain overall brain health and prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
Citicoline is one way to support mitochondrial function.
It can help improve energy production in the brain.
Research shows that it enhances brain energy metabolism by increasing the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the primary energy source for cells.
This increased energy availability can contribute to reduced fatigue and better cognitive performance.
In one study, researchers looked at the neuroprotective effects of Citicoline.
The results showed that Citicoline improved mitochondrial function in the brain (35).
Citicoline has the potential to support mitochondrial function in the brain through various other mechanisms as well. This includes providing precursor molecules for phospholipid synthesis and reducing oxidative stress.
17. Citicoline Improves Reaction Time and Reduces Cognitive Fatigue
Reaction time is an essential cognitive function. It influences various aspects of daily life, such as decision-making, driving, and sports performance.
Meanwhile, cognitive fatigue is the decline in cognitive performance and mental energy levels during sustained periods of mental effort.
Research shows that Citicoline can help enhance reaction time, increase cognitive energy, and improve processing speed.
In one study, researchers investigated the effects of Citicoline supplementation on motor speed, attention, and reaction time.
The participants received either Citicoline (as Cognizin) or a placebo for 28 days.
The results showed that the Citicoline group exhibited significant improvements in motor speed, attention, and reaction time (36).
It accomplishes this by increasing neurotransmitter production and improving cell membrane integrity.
18. Citicoline Improves Verbal Fluency
Verbal fluency is a cognitive function that involves the ability to generate words quickly and accurately. It’s essential for language production, communication, and executive functioning.
In one study, researchers gave Citicoline to older adults who had poor memory.
Participants received either Citicoline or a placebo for 12 weeks.
The results showed that Citicoline significantly improved their verbal memory performance (37).
The study did not directly measure verbal fluency as an outcome. However, improvements in verbal memory are associated with enhancements in verbal fluency.
Best Citicoline Supplement
Since Citicoline is available as a supplement, it's very easy to incorporate it into your daily routine.
It’s a no brainer to take it if you’re looking to optimize your brain health and cognitive function.
In fact, supplementing with Citicoline has become very popular over the years due to its amazing cognitive-enhancing and neuroprotective effects.
Citicoline is available in various supplemental forms, including capsules, tablets, and powder.
Since it has so many beneficial effects on the brain, I decided to include it in the Optimal Brain supplement.
You can get Optimal Brain here.
Optimal Brain includes Citicoline, plus several other natural compounds that have been shown to improve brain function.
Recommended Dosage For Citicoline
The recommended dosage for Citicoline can vary depending on factors such as age, health condition, and individual needs.
However, the following are some general guidelines for Citicoline supplementation.
For cognitive enhancement in healthy adults, a common dosage range is between 250 to 500 mg per day, taken once or divided into two doses.
For age-related cognitive decline or memory issues, some studies have used doses between 500 to 2000 mg per day, typically divided into two doses.
For stroke recovery and support, clinical trials have administered Citicoline in doses ranging from 500 to 2000 mg per day, often divided into two doses.
The Optimal Brain supplement includes just 250 mg of Citicoline. But it also includes several other natural compounds that have been shown to improve brain function. These ingredients work synergistically with Citicoline. Since they all work better together, you don’t need to take as large of a dose of Citicoline for optimal results.
You can get Optimal Brain here.
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References:
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