14 Powerful Ways to Form New Synapses in the Brain

March 28, 2024 Jordan Fallis

Over the years, I’ve taken several psychiatric drugs, drank too much alcohol, and had numerous concussions – sometimes, all at once.

In other words, my brain has taken quite the beating.

Researchers used to think that if you damaged your brain like I did, you simply had to live with it.

But that’s no longer true.

They now know the brain is plastic and flexible, and it can heal and recover.

You’re not stuck with the brain you have.

You can actually change and improve it.

One way your brain repairs itself is through a process called synaptogenesis.

Synaptogenesis is the formation of new synapses in the brain.

Synapses are the connecting points between your 100 billion brain cells. You have trillions of synapses in your brain, and your brain cells communicate with one another across them (79).

The deterioration and loss of synapses is linked to a number of neurodegenerative diseases and mental health disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, depression, poor learning and memory, intellectual impairment and other cognitive deficits (83-87).

The good news is that researchers now know that synaptogenesis occurs in the brain throughout our entire lives (81-82).

And there are a number of ways you can support synaptogenesis, promote the formation of new brain synapses and increase brain synapses.

Below are 15 ways to do that.

Following these strategies can improve your mood, learning, memory and cognition.

1. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Uridine and Choline

The formation of synapses depends on sufficient brain levels of three key nutrients – uridine, omega-3 fatty acids, and choline. These nutrients are synergistic, and if you take them taken together, they accelerate the formation of new synapses in the brain (66-67, 75-78).

Unfortunately, most people nowadays don’t get enough of these essential nutrients through their diet because very few foods in the Western diet actually contain them.

In fact, the uridine in food is not bioavailable, and no food has been shown to increase plasma levels of uridine (1).

Picture of salmon and walnuts. Salmon and walnuts and rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have been shown to form new brain synapses.

That’s why I take a uridine monophosphate supplement sublingually to support the long-term health of my brain.

At the same time, I take a krill oil supplement and the Optimal Brain supplement, which includes CDP-Choline and Alpha GPC (two high-quality sources of choline). This ensures my brain is getting enough of omega-3 fatty acids and choline.

Several researchers have concluded that supplementing with all three nutrients can increase synaptic formation, increase brain synapses, and improve cognition, learning and memory, particularly in people with Alzheimer's disease (68-74).

Besides supplementation, I still encourage people to eat foods that contain omega-3 fatty acids and choline.

The best way to get omega-3 fatty acids from food is by eating more cold-water fish such as salmon, black cod, sablefish, sardines and herring. And the best food sources of choline include grass-fed beef liver and egg yolks. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

Taking uridine, choline and omega-3 fatty acids together can also promote the regeneration of myelin.

2. Low Level Laser Therapy

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), or photobiomodulation, is a treatment that uses low-level (low-power) lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to stimulate brain cells, helping them function better.

Most doctors don't know about LLLT; but not every doctor.

Man wearing LLLT helmet and using the Vielight device. LLLT and Vielight devices can help form new synapses in the brain.

Dr. Norman Doidge, a physician who teaches at the University of Toronto here in Canada, discusses the amazing effects of LLLT in his book The Brain’s Way of Healing.

One way that LLLT may help the brain is by encouraging synaptogenesis (12-15).

Researchers have found that LLLT treatment significantly stimulates the synthesis of synapsin-1 (a marker for synaptogenesis) and increases synaptogenesis in the cortex (16-17).

I previously wrote about my experience with low-level laser therapy here.

I use this device and shine the red and infrared light on my forehead for 5 minutes every day. I also shine it on other parts of my head and on my entire body, including on my thyroid, thymus gland and gut. I experience incredible benefits from doing this.

When I’m travelling, I take this smaller and more convenient device with me and shine it on my forehead.

I’ve also been using the Vielight Neuro Duo, which is a transcranial-intranasal headset with 810 nm of near infrared light. It penetrates deeper into brain tissue and is absorbed better by the central nervous system. If you decide to try a Vielight device, you can use the coupon code JORDANFALLIS for a 10% discount

Before trying LLLT, I highly recommend reading my full article about it first.

LLLT can also support mitochondria function, reduce brain fog, and increase blood flow to the brain.

3. Bacopa

Bacopa monniera is an adaptogenic herb with cognitive-enhancing effects.

Several studies show that it improves cognition, learning and memory by strengthening communications between brain cells. Both healthy and elderly people who take the herb experience improved attention, learning and memory (2-5).

Researchers believe that these improvements are because bacopa increases brain synapses and increases specific neuromolecular mechanisms that encourage and enhance synaptogenesis (18).

4. Exercise

Exercise is one of the best ways to promote the formation of new synapses.

Researchers have repeatedly found that physical activity encourages synaptogenesis and increases brain synapses (32-33).

Exercise also increases blood flow to the brain, promotes the regeneration of myelin, and can help reverse brain damage and cognitive decline.

So not surprisingly, many brain health experts recommend exercise as their number one piece of advice for optimal brain health.

My usual advice is to find a sport or exercise routine that you enjoy, so that you’ll stick with it consistently.

5. Magnesium Threonate

Magnesium is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body, including neurotransmitter and hormonal activity, which can have a huge effect on your brain function.

Researchers have found that increasing magnesium levels in the brain improves learning and memory by promoting synaptogenesis and increasing brain synapses (25-26).

One study concluded that magnesium threonate increases the number of synaptic connections between brain cells and boosts the density of synapses (27).

Magnesium rich foods, including spinach, avocados, bananas, almonds. Magnesium helps the brain form new synapses.

Unfortunately, lot of people are deficient in magnesium today (6-8).

But there are a number of ways you can make sure you’re consuming enough.

First, make sure you’re eating magnesium-rich foods on a regular basis, including spinach, chard, pumpkin seeds, almonds, avocado, dark chocolate and bananas. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.

Epsom salt baths are another great way to increase your body’s intake of magnesium.

But I also recommend a high-quality magnesium supplement.

Magnesium threonate is the best form of magnesium for increasing brain magnesium levels and forming new synapses.

Since most people are deficient, magnesium is one of the three supplements that I think everyone should be taking.

Magnesium can also help repair a leaky blood-brain barrier.

6. Intermittent Fasting

Fasting allows your digestive system to take a break and triggers a number of hormones that boost your body’s ability to repair itself.

On most days, I don’t eat breakfast at all, and then "break my fast" by eating my first meal of the day around 2 or 3 p.m. That means I eat all my food for the day within an 8-hour window.

There are many health benefits to doing this.

It can improve mitochondrial function, reduce brain fog, and help protect you from dementia.

And researchers have also found that fasting can trigger and enhance synaptogenesis (28-31).

The best way to start fasting is simply by eating dinner around 6, not eating anything after that before bed, and then eating a regular breakfast the next day. That should give you about 12-14 hours of fasting time.

7. Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a plant that has been used in China for thousands of years to treat a number of health problems. It’s one of the top-selling herbal supplements in the world, and it’s even a prescription herb in Germany.

It’s most commonly used to improve brain health because it’s been shown to increase brain blood flow and improve memory and attention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals. It even reduces the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease and may also improve mood and mental energy (34).

Researchers have also discovered that it stimulates synaptogenesis and increases brain synapses (35).

Ginkgo Biloba is included in the Optimal Brain supplement.

8. Motor Learning

Motor learning is essentially when you learn something new that involves movement.

Complex processes occur in the brain in response to practicing or experiencing the new motor skill.

This results in changes to the central nervous system, which allows you to produce the movement again in the future.

Researchers have found that motor learning triggers synaptogenesis and generates new synapses in the cerebellar cortex of the brain (36-39).

Some activities that involve motor learning include learning how to play the piano, climbing trees, juggling, and playing table tennis.

When you engage in these activities, motor learning occurs, and you form new synapses in order to learn and solidify the new skill.

I have personally used a number of different neuroplasticity exercises that involve motor learning to promote synaptogenesis in my own brain.

9. Resveratrol

Picture of grapes. Grapes are rich in resveratrol, an antioxidant than help you form new synapses in your brain.

Resveratrol is a beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound found in grapes, red wine, raspberries and dark chocolate.

Resveratrol is known to help prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

And researchers are starting to understand why.

Resveratrol can help restore the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, support your mitochondria, and increase blood flow to the brain.

But it can also increase synaptogenesis.

Research shows the resveratrol promotes and enhances synaptogenesis (23-24).

Resveratrol is included in Optimal Energy.

10. Piracetam

Piracetam is a nootropic (cognitive-enhancing) supplement. It provides a mild boost to brain function and has a long history of being used to treat cognitive impairment in Europe, Asia and South America.

According to researchers, one way it improves cognition is by enhancing synaptogenesis and increasing brain synapses (9-10).

One study found that rats treated with piracetam had a higher number of synapses than rats not treated with piracetam (11).

Phenylpiracetam is an advanced version of piracetam and I found it to be even more effective. It also has impressive anti-anxiety and antidepressant effects.

Both piracetam and phenylpiracetam work best if you take them with a source of choline, either CDP-Choline or Alpha GPC.

Both CDP-Choline and Alpha GPC are included in the Optimal Brain supplement.

11. Quercetin

Quercetin is a bioflavonoid found in fruits and vegetables. It is one of the most widely consumed flavonoids in the human diet.

Quercetin has potent antioxidant action and is “neuroactive”, meaning it can affect brain function.

As a result, it can protect brain cells from oxidative stress and inhibit the pro-inflammatory molecules that are associated with many progressive brain disorders (45-46).

Researchers have also found that it stimulates synaptogenesis (48).

Red apples, onions and tomatoes have the high levels of quercetin. But you can also supplement with it if you want.

It’s interesting to note that quercetin increases the absorption of resveratrol, so it’s a good idea to take them both together if you want to increase synaptogenesis and form new brain synapses (47).

12. Intranasal Insulin

Insulin is one of the hormones that significantly affects brain function.

It has a number of important functions in the central nervous system, and researchers have found that it passes the blood-brain barrier and acts on insulin receptors directly within the brain.

In a new therapeutic approach, commercially-available insulin (Novalin R) is prepared and added to nasal spray bottles, and sprayed and inhaled through the nose to support brain and mental health.

Intranasal insulin has been reported to significantly enhance learning and memory, increase mental energy, reduce brain fog, improve mood, and lower anxiety and stress levels.

One possible mechanism is by increasing synaptogenesis.

Brain insulin receptors are found primarily in synapses, and insulin signaling contributes to synaptogenesis (19-21).

And the disruption of insulin action in the brain leads to impaired synaptogenesis (22).

If you’re interested in learning more about intranasal insulin, I previously wrote a full article about it here.

13. Progesterone

Progesterone is a natural steroid and sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

It has a variety of important functions in the body, and even plays an important role in brain function.

Research shows that progesterone supports the normal development of brain cells and protects them from damage (40).

But many researchers have also found that progesterone promotes synaptogenesis (41-43).

In addition to its role as a natural hormone, progesterone can be taken as a medication, usually by women during menopause as part of their hormone replacement therapy.

14. Antioxidant Nutrients

Some nutrients have antioxidant effects in the body, and not consuming enough of them can reduce your rate of synaptogenesis.

Research shows that “synaptic membrane synthesis” depends on sufficient dietary intake of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and the mineral selenium (64).

A bunch of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables in heart-shaped bowls. Antioxidants can helps the brain form new synaptic connections.

One study found that synaptogenesis was significantly enhanced by supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids, uridine, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and selenium. But it wasn’t enhanced as much with omega-3 fatty acids and uridine alone, suggesting that Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and selenium play a key role in synaptogenesis (65).

I get these antioxidant nutrients from a number of sources.

In addition to getting Vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, I take at least 500 mg of supplemental Vitamin C every day. At one point, I was actually taking up to 10 grams of Vitamin C every day as an experiment, but that’s not necessary unless you find it really helps you.

For selenium, I make sure I eat brazil nuts regularly, as they are the richest source. But I also take some extra selenium in supplement form.

For Vitamin E, good food sources include almonds, spinach, sweet potatoes, avocados, olive oil, sunflower seeds and butternut squash. It’s also included in the Optimal Antiox supplement.

Besides increasing synaptogenesis, antioxidants can also protect your brain from alcohol and help reverse brain damage.

15. BONUS: 4 Things to Avoid

It’s not just what you do, but also what you avoid that can impact your rate of synaptogenesis.

Researchers have found that certain compounds can impair synaptogenesis and inhibit the formation of new synapses in the brain.

So besides trying to implement the 14 steps above, you should also try to avoid:

Bisphenol A – This compound is found in plastic bottles and containers, food and beverage cans, and other common consumer products, such as CDs, DVDs and sales receipts. Researchers have found that it impairs synaptogenesis in the brain (49). That’s why I recommend you only eat and drink out of glass, ceramic and stainless steel. Avoid all canned food and plastic containers. BPA-free plastic isn’t much better for you and can still disrupt hormonal health.
Lead – Lead is a heavy metal that can accumulate in the body and negatively affect brain function. Research shows that lead exposure can interfere with the formation of brain synapses (55-59). So it’s definitely a good idea to reduce your exposure to sources of lead. One way is by using an infrared sauna regularly.
Gabapentin – Gabapentin is a medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, hot flashes, and restless legs syndrome. Researchers have found that it halts the formation of new synapses (80).
Stress – Chronic stress decreases synaptogenesis and decreases the number of synapse connections (88-89). Here are 20 ways to lower cortisol, your body’s main stress hormone. These two biofeedback devices are my favourite ways to reduce stress.

Enjoy This Article? You Might Also Like My FREE Food Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health!

Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

Connect with me

References:

(1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011061/

(2) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20590480

(3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18611150

(4) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12093601

(5) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683852

(6) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00048670802534408

(7) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10746516

(8) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9861593

(9) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17710536/

(10) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944646/

(11) https://goo.gl/cq2MxB

(12) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5066074/

(13) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29131369

(14) http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2040-8986/19/1/013003/meta

(15) https://goo.gl/i6XxYc

(16) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25196192

(17) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5379854/

(18) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27692172

(19) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260944/

(20) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18549783/

(21) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19026743/

(22) http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/63/7/2232

(23) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28957797

(24) https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/481611

(25) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4172865/

(26) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20152124/

(27) https://goo.gl/FE9Gsh

(28) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22325203

(29) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278709/

(30) http://www.intermittentfaster.com/intermittent-fasting-science/

(31) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2622429/

(32) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3865437/

(33) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23973748

(34) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3679686/

(35) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661619

(36) http://www.pnas.org/content/87/14/5568

(37) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54366/

(38) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11749086

(39) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24304717

(40) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10833057

(41) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21308798

(42) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11487645

(43) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18308850

(44) http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/rej.2011.1170

(45) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319809

(46) https://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/72357

(47) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25669932

(48) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19661619

(49) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18048497

(50) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogenesis

(51) https://goo.gl/a9KtYe

(52) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273603000245

(53) http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/201.htm

(54) https://goo.gl/m9eqHg

(55) https://goo.gl/BnJM77

(56) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084981/

(57) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/21192972/

(58) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049857/

(59) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3076195/

(60) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogenesis

(61) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005273603000245

(62) https://goo.gl/rzjaXo

(63) https://goo.gl/NRCtsz

(64) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28598848

(65) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5502840/

(66) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011061/

(67) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16055952

(68) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19400698

(69) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16631143

(70) http://wurtmanlab.mit.edu/static/pdf/1051.pdf

(71) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4011061/

(72) https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2017.00440/full

(73) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399581

(74) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880353

(75) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27597963

(76) https://goo.gl/7cH9oD

(77) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262950

(78) https://www.ncbi.nlm.

(79) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024276/

(80) https://goo.gl/EmQRxy

(81) https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131010205325.htm

(82) https://goo.gl/UoYf2D

(83) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059649/

(84) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405673/

(85) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405628/

(86) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3491115/

(87) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4424898/

(88) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4432471/

(89) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3984887/

Terms and Conditions

Affiliate Disclosure

Disclaimer

20 Nutrient Deficiencies Proven to Cause Depression

February 4, 2024 Jordan Fallis

Being depressed doesn’t mean you’re weak.

It’s not a defect in your personality.

As I’m sure you know, it’s often caused by physiological changes in your body and brain.

So you need to think of it like any other illness.

If you have a broken bone, you need to wear a cast to stabilize the bone while it heals.

And if you have depression, you need to be kind to yourself, as you seek and address the underlying root causes.

The good news is that you’re not powerless.

I used to think that I’d be depressed forever.

That my depression was simply genetic, and I couldn’t do anything about it.

In fact, I accepted that notion for a while.

I felt defeated and hopeless, and thought I'd feel that way for my entire life.

I told myself I’d simply have to rely on drugs to survive because that’s just “how I’m wired”.

But then one day, I changed my mind and decided that I’d had enough.

And I was actually going to get to the bottom of it instead of just accepting it.

I took action and searched far and wide for safer and healthier solutions to deal with my depression.

I came across a lot of different research and therapies.

I wasn’t sure if they would work, but then they did.

And I overcome my depression for good.

One of my most important discoveries was that nutrient deficiencies can make your depression worse.

And they could even be the root cause of it.

It made so much sense.

But why hadn’t anyone ever brought it up?

I delved deeper into the scientific literature, and I found MANY nutrient deficiencies that can contribute to depression.

I started increasing my intake of them.

And I got better.

Much better.

This new post includes 20 nutrient deficiencies that could be making you feel depressed.

Read on to learn more.

Depressed woman holds her forehead and wonders what nutrients she’s deficient in.

Vitamin Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

1. Vitamin B12

“Lack of understanding of B12 is one of the greatest tragedies of modern medicine.”

— Dr. James Greenblatt, Integrative Psychiatrist

Having sufficient levels of Vitamin B12 is necessary for optimal brain and mental health.

Unfortunately, a deficiency is very common, especially in older individuals and vegetarians and vegans.

And even if you eat meat and you’re young, you may still have a deficiency.

Poor gut health and even psychiatric medications can cause a deficiency.

In fact, it’s estimated that almost 40% of Americans are deficient today.

Numerous studies have shown that having a deficiency in Vitamin B12 leads to symptoms of depression (16-22).

And B12 levels tend to be significantly lower in people who are depressed (13).

In one study, subjects with Vitamin B12 deficiency were 2 times as likely to be severely depressed as non-deficient subjects (15).

Even a mild decrease in B12 levels is associated with mood disturbances (14).

Luckily, there are steps you can take if you’re deficient.

Vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal foods, and beef liver is an excellent source. I take beef liver capsules because I don’t like the taste of liver.

You may also want to supplement with Vitamin B12 because studies show that B12 supplementation significantly lowers homocysteine levels and reduces depressive symptoms (23-24).

If you decide to supplement, avoid the semisynthetic version of B12 (cyanocobalamin) and instead take the methylated form (methylcobalamin or methyl-B12).

Methyl-B12 is better absorbed and more biologically active.

2. Vitamin D (and Vitamin K2)

Sunlight shining through trees in a forest. Sunlight gives us Vitamin D, one of the main nutrient deficiencies that can cause depression.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that your skin synthesizes when exposed to the sun.

Every tissue in your body has Vitamin D receptors, including the brain, so a deficiency can lead to costly physiological and psychological consequences, including depression.

Researchers have found a very strong link between Vitamin D deficiency and depression (27-28).

The lower your Vitamin D levels, the more symptoms of depression you are likely to have (35).

Unfortunately, reports indicate that Vitamin D deficiency is widespread and a major health problem globally (25).

Researchers estimate that 50 percent of the general population is at risk of Vitamin D deficiency (26).

It’s best to get your Vitamin D by going outside and getting sunlight.

It’s especially important to make sure you get some sunlight in the morning to set your circadian rhythm.

But most people still don’t get enough Vitamin D from the sun, especially during the winter.

That’s why I recommend taking a Vitamin D supplement.

Research does show that taking a Vitamin D3 supplement is effective at reducing symptoms of depression and seasonal affective disorder (29-31).

This is likely because Vitamin D increases the production of numerous neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine (32-34).

It's important to test and monitor your Vitamin D levels before and after supplementing with it.

Lastly, if you decide to supplement with Vitamin D3, you should consider taking it with Vitamin K2.

A recent study found that Vitamin K2 reduces depression in animals (36).

And Vitamin K2 is known to improve brain function in humans (37-38).

3. Vitamin B6

A bunch of foods rich in Vitamin B6, including chicken, beef, bananas and potatoes. Vitamin B6 is one nutrient that can help you overcome depression.

Having a deficiency in Vitamin B6 can also contribute to your depression.

It’s a key nutrient that supports your entire nervous system.

It can boost your mood because it plays a key role in the production of neurotransmitters in your brain, including serotonin and dopamine. It also lowers homocysteine.

Research shows that people with depressive symptoms tend to have low levels of Vitamin B6 (85-87).

A Vitamin B6 deficiency also contributes to chronic inflammation, which is one of the main underlying root causes of depression (88).

Fortunately, consuming more Vitamin B6 can help.

One study found that women that eat more foods containing Vitamin B6 have a lower risk of depression (89).

Some of the best food sources of Vitamin B6 include potatoes, bananas and chicken.

But supplementation is often necessary to see quick improvements.

One study found that supplementing with Vitamin B6 can reduce depressive symptoms by lowering homocysteine levels (90).

When I took antidepressants for depression, multiple functional and integrative doctors suggested I supplement with Vitamin B6.

This is because these medications can actually further deplete Vitamin B6, increasing depression in the long run.

Vitamin B6 is included in the Optimal Zinc supplement.

4. Vitamin C

Having low levels of Vitamin C can also make you feel depressed.

Researchers have found that poor Vitamin C status is associated with increased symptoms of depression (105).

Animal research also shows that a Vitamin C deficiency can lead to low levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which causes mice to act depressed (106-107).

As you probably know, Vitamin C can be found in foods such as peppers, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, broccoli, tomatoes, and berries. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

In addition to getting Vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, I take at least 500 grams of this Vitamin C every day.

I’ve experimented with taking up to 10 grams daily, and it definitely improved my mood and reduced my stress levels, especially when I was coming off antidepressants.

Research backs this up, showing that supplementing with Vitamin C can actually improve mood in both unhealthy and healthy individuals (95, 102-103).

Various other studies show that Vitamin C supplements reduce stress and anxiety and decrease the severity of depression (96-101, 104).

Studies even show that Vitamin C can increase the effectiveness of antidepressants (108-109).

5. Folate

Folate (Vitamin B9) is an essential B vitamin that plays a key role in methylation, one of the most important processes in your body and brain for optimal energy and nervous system function.

Researchers have found that if you are depressed, you likely have lower levels of folate circulating in your blood, and people with low blood folate are at greater risk for developing depression (55-56).

Good dietary sources of natural folate include:

Leafy greens
Asparagus
Broccoli
Cauliflower
Strawberries
Avocado
Beef liver
Poultry

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

However, eating folate-rich foods sometimes isn’t enough. In fact, many people do not get enough folate from food because cooking and food processing destroy natural folates (54).

And supplementation is often needed.

In one study, patients with depression took methylfolate for 6 months, and they witnessed a significant improvement in their depressive symptoms (57).

Researchers have even suggested that folate supplementation should be a first-line treatment for depression (58).

Methylfolate can be effective at treating depression because it helps lower homocysteine levels, helps produce serotonin and dopamine, and stimulates serotonin receptors in the brain (59-62).

6. Thiamine

An assorted mix of nuts. Nuts are a rich source of thiamine, or Vitamin B1. People with depression often have low levels of Vitamin B1.

Thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1, is an essential water-soluble nutrient that cannot be made by the body.

It’s used in nearly every cell in the body and especially important for supporting energy levels.

It’s also required by nerve cells and other supporting cells in the nervous system (167).

Research shows that lower levels of Vitamin B1 are associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (168).

Vitamin B1 deficiency is also known to lead to irritability and symptoms of depression (170).

Some doctors and researchers believe that postpartum depression is sometimes simply a Vitamin B1 deficiency (169).

Luckily, consuming more Vitamin B1 can help.

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial found that Vitamin B1 supplementation reduces symptoms of depression within 6 weeks (171).

And another concluded that Vitamin B1 supplementation improves mood, reduces brain fog, and speeds up reaction time (172).

In fact, researchers have even found that subjects’ mood improves if the amount of Vitamin B1 in their blood increases, and that the opposite occurs if the amount of Vitamin B1 in their blood decreases (173).

Healthy food sources of Vitamin B1 include green peas, beef liver, asparagus, pecans, spinach, sunflower seeds, macadamia nuts, oranges, cantaloupe and eggs.

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

7. Riboflavin

A handful of almonds. Almonds are an excellent source of Vitamin B2, a nutrient that is commonly depleted in people with depression.

Riboflavin, also known as Vitamin B2, plays a key role in energy metabolism throughout your entire body.

As a result, a Vitamin B2 deficiency can affect the entire body, leading to low energy, weight gain, and depression.

In fact, lower levels of Vitamin B2 have been found in people with depression (91).

Researchers have also found that Vitamin B2 consumption decreases risk of postpartum depression (92).

Healthy food sources of Vitamin B2 include pastured eggs, leafy vegetables, beef liver, mushrooms, sunflower seeds, and almonds.

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

If you’d like, you can also supplement with Vitamin B2.

Studies show that supplementing with Vitamin B2 helps lower homocysteine and reduces depressive symptoms (93-94).

Vitamin B2 is included in the Optimal Zinc supplement.

8. Inositol

Inositol is a naturally-occurring molecule found in nearly all plants and animals. It plays a key role in various biological processes.

The brain has the highest concentration of inositol, where it plays an important role making neurotransmitters (124).

Inositol can be found in many foods, particularly fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges (125).

It used to be considered a B Vitamin, called Vitamin B8. But it currently is no longer considered an essential nutrient because your body can produce inositol from glucose (126).

But I’m including it in this list anyway because individuals with depression have very low levels of inositol in their brains (127-129).

And inositol supplementation has been shown to increase inositol levels and help treat depression (130, 132).

It can also reduce symptoms of depression in women with premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (131, 133).

It’s even been shown to help patients who have discontinued their antidepressant medication (134).

I took high doses of inositol powder when weening off psychiatric medication.

Check out my full post about inositol to learn more about the benefits.

Fun fact: Inositol is also used as a stand-in for cocaine in television shows and movies.

9. Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a coenzyme and antioxidant located primarily in the mitochondria. It has numerous known health benefits and plays a critical role in producing energy for the body.

CoQ10 is produced within the body, but it’s also found within food and can be supplied to the body through food or supplementation. It resembles a fat-soluble vitamin.

Meat and fish are the richest sources of dietary CoQ10, including beef, pork, chicken heart, and chicken liver. Nuts and some oils also contain some CoQ10 (110).

Research shows that CoQ10 levels are reduced in people with depression and chronic fatigue (111).

One study also found that CoQ10 regulates serotonin levels and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients (117).

CoQ10 supplementation has also been shown to improve fatigue and reduce depression symptom severity (112-114).

It also displays antidepressant-like activity in animals (115-116).

Mineral Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

10. Magnesium

Magnesium is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body.

Unfortunately, a lot of people are deficient in magnesium today.

This is a shame because magnesium is absolutely essential for the proper functioning of your nervous system and optimal neurotransmitter activity.

Research shows that low magnesium levels contribute and worsen many neuropsychiatric problems, including depression (42).

In fact, researchers have found that people with depression have lower magnesium levels than healthy people (49).

They’ve also found a significant association between very low magnesium intake and depression (43).

On top of this, animal research shows that removing magnesium from their diet results in depressive-like symptoms (50).

So if you’re struggling with depression, it’s very important to make sure you’re getting enough magnesium so that you don’t have a deficiency.

Luckily, there are a number of ways to do this.

First, make sure you’re eating magnesium-rich foods on a regular basis, including:

Spinach
Chard
Pumpkin seeds
Almonds
Avocado
Dark chocolate
Bananas

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

Epsom salt baths are another great way to increase your body’s intake of magnesium.

I also highly recommend a high-quality supplement that includes magnesium.

Magnesium is included in this supplement.

A number of studies have concluded that magnesium supplementation can reduce depressive symptoms in humans – sometimes within 7 days (44-48).

Since most people are deficient, magnesium is one of the three supplements that I think everyone should be taking.

11. Zinc

An image of zinc-rich foods, including pumpkin seeds of cashews. Zinc is one mineral that can help fight depression. Many people with depression often have low levels of zinc.

Zinc is an essential mineral for mental health.

Like magnesium, it plays a key role in neurotransmission and nervous system functioning.

Mounting evidence suggests a link between zinc deficiency and the development and severity of depression (66-68, 76).

Depressed patients tend to have lower levels of zinc. And as their zinc levels drop, their depressive symptoms get worse (81-84).

Unfortunately, it’s estimated that 2 billion people in the world are deficient in zinc, and several studies show that even subclinical deficiency of zinc impairs brain function in children and adults (63-65).

So, if you struggle with depression, it’s quite possible that you’re deficient, and you’ll definitely want to optimize your zinc levels.

Some of the best food sources of zinc include:

Oysters
Grass-fed beef
Pumpkin seeds
Cashews
Mushrooms
Spinach

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

However, if you’re deficient like I was, I recommend taking a high-quality zinc supplement, at least for a short period of time.

A meta-analysis and several studies have concluded that zinc supplementation has antidepressant effects and significantly reduces symptoms of depression. One way it improves mood is by significantly increasing BDNF levels (69-75, 77-80).

I created and take the Optimal Zinc supplement to make sure my zinc levels are optimal.

Check out my previous post all about zinc if you’re interested in discovering more steps you can take to increase your zinc levels.

12. Iron

A spoonful of spirulina. Spirulina is rich in iron. Iron is one nutrient deficiency that can cause depression.

Iron is a trace mineral found in every living cell in our bodies.

It carries oxygen to all parts of your body, and low levels can leave you feeling tired, pale, irritable and foggy.

Sounds like depression doesn’t it?

Several studies show that iron deficiency increases the risk of developing depression and increases the severity of depression (184-186, 188-190).

Researchers have also conducted a meta-analysis and found that high iron intake reduces the chance of developing depression (183).

In one study, iron supplementation resulted in a 25% improvement in depressive symptoms (187).

Despite this, I don’t actually recommend supplementing with iron though because some research suggests that too much iron can cause health problems.

It’s definitely preferable to get your iron from food.

I make sure I get enough iron simply by taking grass-fed beef liver capsules.

Beef liver is one of the best sources of iron, but I don’t like the taste, so I go with the capsules.

Other good sources of iron include:

Spirulina
Dark chocolate
Spinach
Sardines
Pistachios
Raisons

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

13. Selenium

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that is important for many bodily processes that affect your brain and mental health.

Researchers have found that depression is associated with low levels of selenium (191).

But supplementing with selenium has been shown to significantly increase selenium levels and improve symptoms of depression (192).

Other research shows that selenium intake is associated with a general elevation of mood (193).

Brazil nuts are the richest dietary source of selenium, but it can also be found in wild-caught seafood, pastured chicken and eggs, and grass-fed meat.

I also make sure I’m not deficiency in selenium by supplementing with it.

Selenium is included in this supplement.

14. Manganese

A table of foods that have high levels of manganese. Manganese deficiency can cause depression and make depression worse.

Manganese is an important trace mineral for human health. It acts as a cofactor, helping many enzymes carry out their functions in the body.

Research shows that having low levels of manganese can contribute to the development of depression (135).

One study found that depressed patients had significantly lower levels of “manganese superoxide dismutase”, which is a manganese-dependent enzyme (136).

Researchers have also found that women with higher manganese intake had a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (137).

Hazelnuts and macadamia nuts contain high levels of manganese, while leafy green vegetables, tea, chocolate and some fruits contain moderate levels (139).

However, it’s important to note that you shouldn’t consume too much manganese.

In excess, manganese is neurotoxic and can lead to manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease (138).

So I definitely don’t recommend supplementing with large doses of manganese.

The small amount of manganese in Optimal Antiox is fine though. It’s what I take.

Fatty Acid Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

15. Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid

Vials of Borage Oil, a fat that is rich in DGLA. DGLA has anti-inflammatory effects and can help beat depression.

Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) is an uncommon fatty acid.

It’s made in the body by the elongation of Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA).

But small amounts can also be found in animal products (118).

Last year, researchers found that people with depression are more likely to have low levels of DGLA levels (121).

And increasing DGLA levels may lower the risk of developing depression (122).

DGLA also has anti-inflammatory effects in the body (119).

So it makes sense that levels would be low in depressed individuals because an increasing amount of evidence suggests that depression is a chronic inflammatory disease.

DGLA can be increased by supplementing with dietary GLA (120).

GLA can be found in Borage Oil, Evening Primrose Oil and Blackcurrant Seed Oil (123).

16. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Piece of cooked salmon on a plate. This salmon is full of omega-3 fatty acids that can help fight depression.

Omega-3s fatty acids are the highest quality fats for the brain and increasing your intake of them is one of the most impactful actions you can take to fight depression.

Several studies have shown that depressive patients have lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids (1-3).

Researchers even conducted a meta-analysis of 14 studies, and they found that levels of omega-3 fatty acids were significantly lower in people with depression (4).

They concluded that having a deficiency in omega-3 fatty acids is a “contributing factor to mood disorders” (5).

It’s important to consume enough omega-3 fatty acids because they are essential fats that your body cannot produce itself.

Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in cold water fish, including:

Salmon
Black cod
Sablefish
Sardines
Herring

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

Unfortunately, most people don't consume enough omega-3 fatty acids through their diet.

That’s why I recommend supplementing with krill oil, a special kind of fish oil that contains the essential omega-3 fatty acids.

Plenty of research shows that omega-3 supplements are effective at treating clinical depression – just as effective as antidepressants drugs – because they lower inflammation in the brain (6-10).

Amino Acid Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

17. Carnitine

Carnitine is an amino acid found in nearly every cell of the body. It plays a vital role in the production of energy.

Researchers have found significantly lower levels of carnitine in patients with depression. And their low carnitine levels are associated with the severity of their depression (11-12, 174-175).

Carnitine is mainly found in meat, fish and poultry.

But you can also supplement with it.

I recommend Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR), an acetylated form of carnitine. It’s best supplemental form of carnitine.

It’s often used as a natural brain booster because it increases alertness and provides support to brain cells.

But it’s also been shown to be very effective at quickly improving mood and treating depression (179-182).

Six randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that ALCAR is better at treating depression than placebo (177).

And two other studies found that ALCAR improved depressive symptoms in patients with chronic depression, and it was just as effective as antidepressant medications, but with less side effects (176, 178).

ALCAR is included in the Optimal Brain supplement.

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of ALCAR.

18. Glutamine

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, suggesting that it’s very important.

It’s also one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood-brain barrier.

Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning the body can usually produce sufficient amounts of it. But sometimes the body uses up so much glutamine that it becomes necessary to obtain it from the diet or supplements, particularly during periods of illness, stress, inflammation and injuries (156-157).

Researchers have found that depressed adults have reduced levels of glutamine (158).

And glutamine deficiency has been shown to increase depressive-like behaviour in animals (159).

But glutamine supplementation has “clear anti-depressive properties” and has been shown to improve mood (160-161).

High levels of glutamine can be found in protein-rich foods such as beef, chicken, fish and eggs. Beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, brussel sprouts, celery, kale and fermented foods like miso also contain some glutamine.

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

Glutamine is also available in supplement form.

Glutamine was one of the main supplements that helped me heal my leaky gut, but I no longer need to take it regularly.

19. Tryptophan

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that cannot be produced by the body. It must be consumed through diet or by taking supplements.

Some healthy foods that contain tryptophan include bananas, chicken, turkey and dark chocolate (140).

A doctor is talking to a turkey and says “I think I know what is causing your narcolepsy. You’re full of tryptophan. Tryptophan is an amino acid that can make you sleepy, but it can also improve mood and help treat depression.

Tryptophan helps produce the neurotransmitter serotonin. It’s converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the brain, which then produces serotonin (141-142).

Researchers have found that depressed patients have significantly lower levels of tryptophan in their blood than healthy control subjects (143-144).

Studies also show that depressed patients have a decreased ratio of tryptophan to neutral amino acids in their blood. This suggests that tryptophan availability to the brain is likely reduced in depressed patients (145-146).

Personally, supplementing with tryptophan never helped me. In fact, it always seemed to make me worse. It gave me asthma and acne and increased my depression.

This is because depressed patients sometimes have problems creating serotonin from tryptophan. Instead, they create other metabolites from tryptophan, such as quinolinic acid, which can be toxic. For depressed patients like me, tryptophan supplementation won’t help, and may actually make their depression worse (150-151).

However, some people do see their mood improve when they increase their intake of tryptophan. So it shouldn’t be completely disregarded.

There are studies that show that consuming a high tryptophan diet and consuming additional dietary tryptophan can increase mood and lead to significantly less depressive symptoms (152-154).

So supplementing with tryptophan is worth a shot if you’re struggling with depression and haven’t tried it yet. Just be aware of possible side effects.

If you want, you can also try supplementing with 5-HTP instead of tryptophan. 5-HTP is the direct precursor to serotonin.

5-HTP is included in this supplement.

20. Glutathione

Glutathione is a small peptide made up of 3 important amino acids – glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine – each of which have several important roles in the human body.

Glutathione is found in the food supply and within the human body, where it acts as an antioxidant. It is used by every cell in the body.

It’s technically not an “essential nutrient” because the body can create it.

However, it’s still very important, and a glutathione deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, which is thought to be involved in a number of diseases, including depression.

Studies show that patients with depression have significantly lower levels of glutathione. And the lower a person’s glutathione levels, the more depressed they are likely to be (162-164).

Some practitioners and researchers have found that increasing glutathione intake and levels can successfully treat depression (165).

Glutathione is also able to prevent behavioural depression in animals (166).

It’s important to note that standard glutathione supplements are not very effective at increasing glutathione levels because they are not well absorbed by the body.

N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is a tried-and-true way of increasing glutathione levels because it’s the direct precursor to glutathione.

Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and kale, can also help boost glutathione levels, but NAC supplements are more powerful.

Other supplements that have been shown to help increase and maintain optimal glutathione levels include Selenium, Alpha Lipoic Acid, and S-adenosyl-methionine (Sam-E).