22 Proven Ways to Increase Brain Blood Flow

Without a doubt, healthy blood flow is absolutely essential for optimal brain function and mental health.

Brain blood flow, or cerebral blood flow, refers to the blood supply that reaches your brain during a given period of time. 

Your brain needs almost 20% of the blood supply provided by each heartbeat.

A steady flow of blood brings oxygen, glucose and nutrients to the brain, and carries carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic waste products away from the brain.

But when blood flow to the brain is hindered, cognitive problems can arise.

Poor brain blood flow and circulation are linked to a number of brain and mental illnesses, including:

• Cognitive dysfunction and brain fog (131-132)

• Chronic fatigue syndrome (140)

• Dementia (133)

• Parkinson’s Disease (134)

• Alzheimer’s disease (135, 143)

• Depression (136)

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (137-139)

• Anxiety (139)

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (139)

• Panic disorder (139)

• Agoraphobia (139)

• Traumatic brain injury (141-142)

• Lyme disease (144)

“Increasing blood flow to the brain might be an effective therapeutic approach to prevent or treat Alzheimer’s.”

— Dr. Robert Vassar

Some of the main causes of poor brain blood flow include abnormal blood pressure, poor circulation, low thyroid, infections, and stress (126-130). 

Besides addressing these major causes, there are several ways to directly increase the amount of oxygen-rich blood that flows to your brain.

Researchers use neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET), to measure cerebral blood flow.

And they have found that the following 22 methods increase brain blood flow and circulation in humans. 

After suffering multiple concussions, I had severe depression and brain fog. So I had no choice but to focus on optimizing brain blood flow and circulation.

Many of these methods have been helpful to me over the years.

If you want to naturally increase blood flow to your brain, continue reading to learn more.

1. Exercise

Exercise is one of the best and most accessible ways to increase brain blood flow and circulation. 

Research shows that moderate exercise increases blood flow to the brain by as much as 15% (1). 

And you don’t even need to work out intensely to increase blood flow to your brain.

Simply walking for 30 minutes at a brisk pace, three or four times each week, is good enough. That will get more blood and oxygen to your brain and you’ll reap the benefits (2). 

In fact, the foot’s impact on the ground while walking sends pressure waves through the arteries, which sends more blood and oxygen to the brain (3). 

“There are many studies that suggest that exercise improves brain function in older adults, but we don’t know exactly why the brain improves. Our study indicates it might be tied to an improvement in the supply of blood flow to the brain.”

— Dr. Rong Zhang

Exercise has also been shown to protect against cognitive decline and dementia, promote neurogenesis, help reverse brain damage, and promote the regeneration of myelin.

So not surprisingly, exercise is recommended by many experts and it’s often their number one piece of advice for optimal brain health.

My usual advice is to find a sport or exercise routine that you enjoy, so that you’ll stick with it consistently.

2. Cold Exposure

Exposing yourself to cold temperatures can also help you get more blood flowing to your brain. 

Research shows that putting your hand in ice water for one minute can significantly increase the speed of blood flow to the brain (6-8). 

Researchers have also found that cooling the skin during upright tilting maintains the speed of blood flow to the brain (5). 

Animal studies also show that cold exposure significantly increases cerebral blood flow (4). 

I take a cold shower every day, and often go outside with minimal clothing in the winter to increase my blood flow and circulation. 

You don’t have to do that right away though. You can take it one baby step at a time.

You can start out by finishing your next shower with just 30 seconds of cold water.

See how you feel, and then work your way up to longer.

It can be a bit painful, but you get used to it and the beneficial effects are worth it.

Another way to ease yourself into it is by sticking your face, hand or foot in ice cold water.

Cold exposure also stimulates the vagus nerve and supports the endocannabinoid system. 

3. Sunlight

Research also shows that light stimulates brain blood flow and circulation.

Positron emission technology (PET) measures blood flow to specific areas of the brain.

In one study, researchers used PET scans to monitor cerebral blood flow in patients with season affective disorder (SAD) – before and after light therapy. 

Before light therapy, the scans show that patients had reduced blood flow to the cerebral cortex, the “executive” part of the brain.

But after just a few days of light therapy, this part of the brain started to light up, indicating greater activity and increased blood flow (9).

But this isn’t just seen in depressed individuals.

Another study found that 10 minutes of light exposure can increase brain blood flow in healthy people (10). 

Light therapy even increases brain blood flow in pre-term infants (11). 

I personally get sunlight every day during the spring and summer months to support my brain health. It’s a simple way for me to increase blood flow to my brain every day.

Researchers have also found a positive correlation between Vitamin D levels and brain blood flow (94).

So I take a Vitamin D3 supplement during the winter months when there isn't enough sun.

It's important to test and monitor your Vitamin D levels before and after supplementing with it.

4. Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a plant that has been used for thousands of years to treat a number of health problems.

Today, it’s one of the most popular herbal supplements in the world.

Doctors even prescribe it in Germany!

It’s most commonly used to improve brain health.

Researchers have found that it increases cognitive function, and improves memory and attention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals. It even reduces the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (15). 

These positive effects are mainly because it significantly increases blood flow to the brain and increases blood circulation in the brain (12-14). 

Gingko biloba is included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

5. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT), or photobiomodulation, is a treatment that uses red and infrared light to support brain function.

The treatment uses either low-power lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit red and infrared light.

The red and infrared light is applied to the brain, and it stimulates brain cells, helping them helping them function better.

Most doctors are clueless about LLLT; but not every doctor. 

Dr. Norman Doidge, a physician who teaches at the University of Toronto here in Canada, discusses the amazing effects of LLLT in his book The Brain’s Way of Healing.

One way LLLT can help the brain is by increasing brain blood flow and circulation. 

One study found that applying near infrared light to the forehead can help treat depression and anxiety (without side effects) by increasing frontal regional cerebral blood flow (49).

Another study saw improvement in brain blood flow in healthy elderly women (50). 

Animal research has also found that light can be used to locally increase brain blood circulation (93). 

I previously wrote about my experience with low-level laser therapy here.

I have used the Optimal 1000 Brain Photobiomodulation Therapy Light (Combo Red/NIR) and shine the red and infrared light directly on my forehead. It’s a simple way for me to quickly and naturally increase blood flow to the brain.

When I’m travelling and away from home, I take this smaller and more convenient device with me and shine it on my forehead.

I’ve also used the Vielight Neuro Duo, which is a transcranial-intranasal headset with 810 nm of near infrared light. It penetrates deeper into brain tissue and is absorbed better by the central nervous system. If you decide to try a Vielight device, you can use the coupon code JORDANFALLIS for a 10% discount

LLLT can also support thyroid function and mitochondria function and help with brain fog. 

6. Vinpocetine

Vinpocetine is a compound from the Periwinkle plant. 

It’s commonly used in Europe to treat cognitive decline, memory impairments, stroke recovery, and epilepsy.

Researchers have found that it increases brain blood flow in both healthy people and stroke victims.

The increase in brain blood flow leads to increased brain oxygen levels and energy production, reduced brain inflammation, and improved reaction time (16-25). 

I took a vinpocetine supplement many years ago after my last concussion to increase blood flow to the brain and speed up my recovery. But I no longer need to take it.

7. Meditation

Meditation is my favourite relaxation technique and it's linked to increased blood flow in the brain.

In one study, 14 people with memory problems followed a simple 8-week meditation program. And researchers found a significant increase in blood flow to the prefrontal cortex (31). 

Logical memory and verbal fluency also improved after training (31). 

Another study showed that just five days of meditation (30 minutes each day) significantly enhanced brain blood flow (32). 

I have used the Muse headband to meditate. It gives you real-time feedback while you meditate. That way, you know how well you are meditating. It makes meditating much more enjoyable.

I previously wrote about it here, and you can get it through the Muse website.

8. Resveratrol

Resveratrol is a beneficial antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound.

Many people know that it’s found in grapes, red wine, raspberries and dark chocolate.

Resveratrol is known to help prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

And researchers are starting to understand why.

Resveratrol can increase BDNF, help restore the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and support your mitochondria.

But it can also help you quickly get more blood and oxygen flowing to your brain. 

In one study, after taking either 250 or 500 milligrams of resveratrol, study participants experienced a dose-dependent increase in brain blood flow (26). 

Even just 75 mg has been shown to increase brain circulation and cognition (27, 29). 

And a recent study found that chronic resveratrol supplementation increases brain blood circulation in post-menopausal women, improving their cognition and mood (28, 30). 

Resveratrol is included in this supplement.

9. Dark Chocolate

Most people love chocolate, and your brain loves it too. 

Dark chocolate contains cocoa, which is known to improve blood flow. 

It's one of my favourite foods, and it’s included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

Research suggests that the flavonoids found in cocoa beans increase blood flow to key areas of the brain for two to three hours after eating them. And this leads to an improvement in cognitive performance and general alertness (33, 35). 

“Certain food components like cocoa flavanols may be beneficial in increasing brain blood flow and enhancing brain function among older adults or for others in situations where they may be cognitively impaired, such as fatigue or sleep deprivation.”

— Dr. Ian A. Macdonald, PhD, from the University of Nottingham Medical School in the United Kingdom

One study found that flavanol-rich cocoa significant increases the speed of brain blood flow in healthy elderly people (34). 

Another study found that drinking two cups of hot chocolate a day for 30 days was linked to improved blood flow to the brain and better memory (36). 

Dark chocolate also increases BDNF and reduces cortisol.

It’s important to choose a type of dark chocolate with at least 70 percent cocoa.

10. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3s fatty acids are the highest quality fats for the brain.

They are essential, meaning your body cannot create them and you have to get them from food or supplements.

Making sure you get more omega-3s is one of the most important actions you can take to support your brain and nervous system.

Many studies show that they significantly reduce brain inflammation; improve memory, mood and cognition; and protect against mild cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

They also naturally increase brain blood flow and circulation. 

Research shows that higher omega-3 levels are significantly correlated with higher regional cerebral blood flow (37). 

“This is very important research because it shows a correlation between lower omega-3 fatty acid levels and reduced brain blood flow to regions important for learning, memory, depression and dementia.”

— Dr. Daniel G. Amen, MD, Amen Clinics

And one study found that omega-3 supplementation, in comparison with placebo, significantly increased brain blood flow (38). 

Omega-3 fatty acids are found in cold water fish such as salmon, black cod, sablefish, sardines and herring.

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

Unfortunately, most people don't consume enough of these foods.

So supplementing with krill oil should be considered.

Krill oil is a special kind of fish oil that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. I’ve tried tons of fish oil supplements, and I recommend krill oil over all the others.

11. Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an alternative treatment that has been shown to increase brain blood flow and circulation.

In a randomized controlled trial, 17 post-stroke patients did acupuncture or sham acupuncture for 20 minutes.

The researchers found that the speed of blood flow to both hemispheres of the brain significantly increased during and after acupuncture treatment (39, 42). 

Research has also shown that acupuncture can significantly improve cerebral blood flow and circulation in animals (40-41, 43). 

I’m a really big fan of auricular acupuncture, which is when the needles are inserted into ear.

In my experience, ear acupuncture is more effective than regular acupuncture. I’m not sure why. I’ve just personally noticed more benefits from ear acupuncture. 

I’d recommend trying to find an acupuncturist in your area who provides ear acupuncture.

Ear acupuncture really helped me the first time I weened off antidepressants. I was surprised.

At the end of each appointment, my practitioner would secure small black seeds on my ear. 

I have also used an acupuncture mat at home to relax before bed.

Acupuncture also stimulates the vagus nerve. 

12. Chewing Gum

Research reveals that chewing increases brain blood flow (44). 

As a result, chewing can improve cognitive performance and brain function, including working and spatial memory. It also increases the level of arousal and alertness during a cognitive task (45). 

If you chew gum, make sure it’s aspartame-free.

Chewing gum also reduces cortisol. 

13. Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR) 

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is an acetylated form of the amino acid carnitine. 

It’s known to help reverse neurological decline by increasing levels of acetylcholine in the brain.

It’s often used as a brain booster by people of all ages because it support brain cells and increases alertness.

It’s also been shown to be very effective at alleviating chronic fatigue and improving mood by supporting mitochondrial function.

Considering all of this, it’s not too surprising that researchers have also found that it can enhance brain blood flow in people who have had a stroke (46-47). 

ALCAR is included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of ALCAR.

14. Nitrates

Nitrates are both naturally-occurring compounds found in soil and plants.

High levels of nitrates are found in foods such as beets, celery, cabbage, spinach, and other leafy green vegetables.

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

Research shows that a nitrate-rich diet can increase blood flow to the frontal lobe of the brain, improving cognitive function and protecting against cognitive decline (51-52). 

Beet juice is a particularly rich source of nitrates, and studies have found that it can help widen blood vessels and increase oxygen and blood flow to the brain (53-54, 56). 

A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial even found that beet juice can improve cognitive performance by increasing brain blood flow (55). 

“There have been several very high-profile studies showing that drinking beet juice can lower blood pressure, but we wanted to show that drinking beet juice also increases perfusion, or blood flow, to the brain. There are areas in the brain that become poorly perfused as you age, and that’s believed to be associated with dementia and poor cognition.”

— Dr. Daniel Kim-Shapiro, PhD

I don’t really enjoy the taste, but every so often, I’ll drink beet juice during cognitively-demanding tasks. 

15. Drink Less Coffee (Or Take Theanine)

Coffee is generally excellent for brain health. There is a lot of research showing it is very healthy and can be protective against dementia.

However, studies also show that if you want to get more blood flowing to your brain and within you brain, you’re better off avoiding or limiting caffeine. 

Researchers have found that caffeine significantly reduces brain blood flow by 20 to 30% depending on the study and dosage (74-77). 

The good news is that taking the amino acid theanine can reduce the negative brain blood flow effects of caffeine (78-79). 

That’s why I often take a theanine supplement when I drink coffee.

Theanine is included in this anti-anxiety supplement.

I also often take breaks from drinking coffee to normalize brain blood flow and circulation. 

Taking the herb rhodiola can make quitting caffeine much easier because it helps reduce withdrawal symptoms.

Lastly, you could also try supplementing with the whole coffee fruit, instead of just drinking coffee.

The coffee bean is usually separated from the coffee fruit for roasting. When this happens, the surrounding coffee fruit is then thrown away. 

That’s a problem because the coffee fruit contains several healthy compounds not found in coffee beans themselves.

In fact, scientists have discovered that ingesting coffee fruit concentrate significantly increases brain function. 

That’s why coffee fruit concentrate is included in Optimal Brain.

16. Piracetam

Piracetam is a “nootropic”, which means it’s a supplement that enhances cognition.

It provides a mild boost in brain function, and it’s regularly used in Europe, Asia and South America to treat cognitive impairment. 

A meta-analysis found that piracetam improves general cognition when supplemented by people in a state of cognitive decline (84). 

Research also shows that it can increase brain blood flow in humans and animals (85-91). 

I used to take piracetam every day but I don’t need it at all anymore.

Phenylpiracetam is an advanced version of piracetam and I found it to be even better because it improves mood and reduces anxiety. It’s also been shown to reverse the depressant effects of benzodiazepines (81-83).

Both piracetam and phenylpiracetam work best if you take them with a source of choline, such as CDP-Choline and Alpha GPC (80). 

17. Ketogenic Dieting

A ketogenic diet is a very low-carbohydrate diet.

To follow the diet correctly, you need to eat less than 50 grams of carbohydrates per day.

This means you need to avoid all carbohydrate-rich foods, including grains, sugar, and even potatoes, legumes and fruit.

When you restrict carbs this much, your body enters ketosis, a metabolic state in which your body and brain run on fatty acids and “ketones” instead of glucose.

Researchers have found that ketones are a therapeutic option in traumatic brain injury because they can increase brain blood flow by 39% (100). 

Studies have also shown that ketones increase cerebral blood flow by 65% in animals (103-104). 

Caloric restriction also increases ketones, which preserves cerebral blood flow in aging rats (102). 

I follow a ketogenic diet every so often, but not for long stretches of time due to hormone problems that can result from it.

18. Citicoline

Citicoline (also known as CDP-Choline) is one of the most bioavailable forms of choline.

You need to get choline from food. But most people don’t get enough because very few foods in the Western diet contain it.

That’s why supplementation is often necessary.

Citicoline is a supplemental form of choline that has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects.

It enhances the synthesis of acetylcholine and dopamine (two neurotransmitters that are critical for optimal brain function) and increases the number of acetylcholine and dopamine receptors in your brain (105-110). 

It’s also been shown to improve cognitive function by increasing the rate of brain blood flow (114-116). 

A double-blind placebo-controlled study concluded that Citicoline improves cognitive performance in patients with Alzheimer’s disease by increasing brain blood flow (113). 

I found that citicoline improved my focus and mental energy. It's included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

You can also find some choline in foods such as beef liver and egg yolks. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

But the effects of Citicoline are much more noticeable and immediate because it quickly passes the blood-brain barrier and supports your brain.  

Citicoline also promotes the regeneration of myelin, supports the blood-brain barrier, and helps reverse brain damage.

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of Citicoline.

19. Blueberry Juice

Drinking blueberry juice improves cognitive function in the elderly, according to research published (123-125). 

One way it improved brain health was by increasing oxygen levels and increasing blood flow to the brain.

The participants had improvements in working memory while doing cognitive testing.

“In this study we have shown that with just 12 weeks of consuming 30ml of concentrated blueberry juice every day, brain blood flow, brain activation and some aspects of working memory were improved in this group of healthy older adults.”

— Dr. Joanna Bowtell

The amount of juice in the study was equivalent to 230g of blueberries.

The researchers believe that the flavonoids in blueberries were responsible for the positive effects.  

20. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ)

Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a vitamin-like enzyme and potent antioxidant found in plant foods that can improve cognitive function.

Researchers have found that supplementing with PQQ can increase blood flow to the prefrontal cortex (117-118). 

One study found that PQQ can prevent the reduction of brain function in elderly people, especially in attention and working memory, by increasing brain blood flow (119). 

21. Intranasal Insulin

Insulin is one of the hormones that significantly affects brain function.

It's been shown to pass the blood-brain barrier and act on insulin receptors directly within the brain.

In a new therapeutic approach, commercially-available insulin (Novalin R) is prepared and added to nasal spray bottles, and sprayed and inhaled through the nose to support brain and mental health.

Intranasal insulin has been reported to significantly enhance memory, increase mental energy, reduce brain fog, improve mood, and lower anxiety and stress levels.

One possible mechanism is by increasing brain blood flow and circulation.

Research shows that intranasal insulin increases regional cerebral blood flow in the insular cortex (120, 122). 

In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, intranasal insulin improved brain blood flow in older adults (121).

If you’re interested in learning more, I previously wrote a full article about intranasal insulin.

22. Music

I previously wrote about how music naturally reduces cortisol, helps treat OCD, and increases dopamine and oxytocin. 

But now it looks like it also increases blood flow to the brain.

Researchers found that musical training or listening to music increases blood flow to the brain (145-146).

It’s even more effective when you’re learning or listening to music that you really enjoy.

23. BONUS: Other Promising Nutrients and Herbs

Researchers have found that the following compounds can increase cerebral blood flow in animals. But I couldn’t find any research showing that it will do the same in humans. However, they are worth experimenting with as many of them have been effective at supporting my brain and mental health over the years.

• Arginine (57-60)

• Vitamin E (61-64)

• Bacopa (65-66) – also improves memory

• Curcumin (67-68)

• Ginseng (69-70)

• Citrulline (71-72)

• Icariin (73) – also promotes neurogenesis

• Forskolin (95) – also helps with brain fog

• S-adenosyl-L-methionine (96)

• Quercetin (97-98)

• Taurine (99) – also lowers homocysteine

Enjoy This Article? You Might Also Like My FREE Food Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health!

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE FREE GUIDE

Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

Connect with me

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The 28 Best Natural Supplements Proven to Reduce Anxiety and Stress

Research shows that most people prefer to take over-the-counter natural remedies to treat their anxiety instead of medication.

Perhaps you’re struggling with generalized anxiety, social anxiety, panic attacks, post-traumatic stress, OCD or a phobia…

The good news is that there are many natural supplements that can bring you relief and ease your chronic stress and anxiety.

And they are safe and don’t cause adverse side effects like anti-anxiety medicine.

This article lists the best natural supplements that are proven to reduce anxiety and stress.

These solutions are evidence-based and backed by research.

They have worked for me and for many other people.

It starts off with my top 10 personal favourites.

And then offers 18 other great options.

My Top 10 Favourite Supplements to Reduce Anxiety and Stress

1. Theanine

Theanine is a unique amino acid found in tea. It has a number of mental health benefits.

It’s known to produce a calming effect on the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier and increasing the production of GABA, serotonin and dopamine in the brain. Unlike prescription anti-anxiety medication, it does not cause sedation and drowsiness (72-75).

Researchers have found that theanine supplements significantly reduce stress and anxiety, lower heart rate, and increase mental relaxation (77-81, 83).

Studies have also shown that theanine increases alpha brain waves and deactivates the sympathetic “fight or flight” nervous system (76, 82).

And animal research shows that it reduces “circulating biomarkers of stress” in rats (84-85).

I often take theanine alongside my morning coffee. It improves my mood, helps me focus and cancels out the jitters of caffeine. It’s sort of like meditation in a pill.

This anti-anxiety supplement contains theanine, along with several natural compounds that have helped me manage my anxiety over the years.

2. Magnesium

Magnesium is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body.

It’s absolutely essential for the proper functioning of your nervous system and optimal neurotransmitter activity.

Nine different studies have found that magnesium supplements can reduce anxiety in humans and improve anxiety-related disorders (96-100).

And they start reducing anxiety quickly, often within one week (101).

Plenty of researchers have also found that magnesium has a relaxing effect in animals by calming the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and activating GABA receptors. These are the same receptors activated by anti-anxiety medication (102-107).

Magnesium is included in this supplement.

3. Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha (Withania sominifera) is a popular Indian herb that has been used for more than 3000 years. It’s sometimes called the “Indian Ginseng”.

It’s known as an “adaptogen”, which is a compound that balances the body and restores normal bodily functioning after chronic stress.

A systematic review concluded that ashwagandha significantly reduces symptoms of stress and anxiety and is likely useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders (11).

In fact, two studies found that ashwagandha worked better than medication and psychotherapy at treating and reducing anxiety (12, 17, 19).

And other researchers have found that it reduces anxiety, decreases perceived stress, and improves the quality of life of people with anxiety disorders (13-16, 18).

Animal research also shows that ashwagandha causes anti-anxiety effects, reduces OCD-like behaviour and improves stress tolerance in rats (20-25).

So it’s a pretty amazing herb for anxiety!

But how does it work?

By increasing serotonin and GABA in the brain, and lowering cortisol levels by 25 per cent (26-29).

Ashwagandha is one of the herbs I took to help myself get off psychiatric medications.

That’s why it’s included in the Optimal Calm supplement.

4. Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral for mental health, especially if you have chronic anxiety.

Like magnesium, it plays a key role in neurotransmission and nervous system functioning.

Researchers have found that zinc supplements can reduce symptoms of anxiety in both humans and animals (123-125).

I created and take the Optimal Zinc supplement to make sure my zinc levels are optimal.

I previously wrote about the link between zinc and anxiety in this post.

Zinc can also stimulate your vagus nerve, which reduces anxiety.

5. Bacopa

Bacopa is an adaptogenic herb.

It’s commonly used to improve cognition and memory, but it’s also very good at reducing anxiety.

Researchers have found that bacopa supplements reduce stress, anxiety and cortisol levels in humans (89-91, 94).

In fact, one of the ways bacopa improves cognition is by simply reducing anxiety (95).

So if you have anxiety, and it negatively impacts your thinking, bacopa is a good choice.

Animal studies also show that bacopa reduces the biochemical effects of acute and chronic anxiety in rats. It does this by significantly increasing serotonin and dopamine levels and significantly reducing stress hormone levels (92-93).

I took a bacopa supplement for a while. I found that it made me really relaxed and sleepy. I eventually stopped taking it because it made me too sleepy. But if you have very severe anxiety, it can be very helpful.

6. Probiotics

Probiotics have also been shown to reduce anxiety.

One study found that a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus Rhamnosus significantly reduced anxiety and stress in humans (46).

And animal research shows that Lactobacillus Rhamnosus reduces stress and anxiety-like behaviour in mice (47-48).

Bifidobacterium Longum is another probiotic that can reduce anxiety.

Individuals that took it for 30 days experienced less anxiety and psychological distress, and also had lower cortisol levels (49).

Bifidobacterium Longum also reduces anxiety-like behaviour in animals by stimulating the vagus nerve (50-51).

Both Bifidobacterium Longum and Lactobacillus Rhamnosus are included in the Optimal Biotics supplement.

You can also check out this article to learn more about the top 9 psychobiotics that can help reduce your anxiety.

And this older article includes 5 ways to increase your good gut bacteria.

7. Inositol

Inositol is a naturally-occurring molecule found in nearly all plants and animals. It plays a key role in various biological processes.

The brain has the highest concentration of inositol, where it plays an important role making neurotransmitters.

Inositol can be found in many foods, particularly fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges.

But you need to supplement with it to reduce anxiety.

Researchers have found that taking an inositol supplement every day can significantly reduce anxiety in both adults and children. This includes a reduction in panic attacks and fewer symptoms of agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (64-67).

In fact, research suggests that it’s as effective as an SSRI antidepressant in the treatment of anxiety and panic disorder (62).

And one study shows that it can reduce anxiety in people struggling with bulimia or binge eating (63).

Lots of animal research also shows that inositol reduces anxiety-like behaviour in rats (68-71).

It’s important to point out that the research suggests that you need to take high doses (12 to 18 grams daily) if you want to experience the anxiety-reducing benefits of inositol.

I took high doses of inositol powder when weening off psychiatric medication.

Check out my full post about inositol to learn more about the benefits.

Fun fact: Inositol is a white powder, so actors snort inositol instead of actual cocaine in television and movie scenes.

8. Valerian

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is an herb, and the root of the herb has traditionally been used to treat insomnia.

But it also can reduce anxiety.

Research shows that valerian root extract significantly reduces stress and anxiety (235-236).

Animal studies have also found that it reduces psychological stress and anxiety in rats and mice (259-265).

And in one study, Valerian demonstrated some anti-obsessive and anti-compulsive effects and therefore may help treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (234).

Scientists have collected a massive amount of research demonstrating that the compounds in Valerian naturally reduce stress and anxiety by:

• Partially activating serotonin receptors

• Maintaining serotonin levels

• Reducing stress hormone levels

• Binding to GABA receptors in the amygdala, a brain region associated with fear and anxiety

• Increasing GABA levels

• Inhibiting the breakdown of GABA in the brain (247-268).

As a result of this, it creates a calming effect similar to anti-anxiety drugs like Xanax and Valium.

This is why Valerian is often called “Nature’s Valium”.

Valerian is one of the first herbal remedies I took years ago to manage my anxiety at night and improve my sleep. It’s included in this anti-anxiety supplement.

Valerian supplements include the roots and stems of the plant.

But you can also take it as a tea or tincture if you want.

9. Cannabidiol (CBD)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the active cannabinoids found in marijuana.

Unlike tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), CBD isn’t psychoactive and doesn’t make you “high”.

But it can help treat a number of diseases because it reduces inflammation.

Research has found that CBD oil significantly reduces anxiety in both healthy individuals and patients with social anxiety disorder (3-4).

It also significantly reduces anxiety, distress and discomfort caused by public speaking (5).

Researchers also think it can help people with panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (2).

This is because studies show that CBD activates serotonin receptors in the brain, increases GABA levels, lowers activity in the amygdala, and increases activity in the prefrontal cortex (6-10).

I used to take this CBD oil and highly recommend it. It significantly reduces my stress, makes me sleepy and knocks me out before bed.

Some people report that marijuana makes them anxious.

When I’ve smoked it in the past, it often made me anxious.

This is possibly because most marijuana has high levels of THC and lower levels of CBD.

Taking extra CBD may help.

One study found that CBD blocks the anxiety caused by THC (1).

10. Kava

Kava is a plant located in the western Pacific.

The root of the plant is used medicinally to treat anxiety and sleep disorders because it causes relaxation without impairing cognitive performance. Some people say it feels like drinking alcohol.

A meta-analysis concluded that kava can significantly reduce anxiety without very many side effects (30).

And numerous human studies show that kava can reduce all sorts of anxious symptoms, including tension, agitation, restlessness and phobias (32-34).

Researchers have compared a bunch of different herbal anti-anxiety remedies, and they found that kava is one of the most potent and effective options (35-36).

In fact, they think that kava should be a first-line treatment for anxiety because it’s so powerful and safe and works just as well as anti-anxiety medication (31, 37-38).

Studies even show that kava works similarly to benzodiazepines like Xanax by activating and strengthening GABA receptors in the brain (39-45).

I personally don’t take kava anymore because I get a weird reaction from it and I was able to confirm that I’m allergic to the plant.

But it works very well for many people, so that's why I'm including it in my top 10. 

Other Effective Anxiety-Reducing Supplements

11. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that your body cannot produce itself, and they are absolutely necessary for the normal functioning of your brain and nervous system.

Numerous studies show that supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids significantly lowers inflammation and progressively reduces symptoms and feelings of anxiety (108-114).

Researchers have also found that supplementing with omega-3 fatty acids inhibits activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in anxiety (108).

I recommend supplementing with krill oil, a special kind of fish oil that contains the essential omega-3 fatty acids.

I feel more anxious when I stop taking it. I actually notice the difference.

You can read more about the importance of omega-3 fatty acids here.

12. Chamomile

Chamomile is a medicinal herb that has been traditionally used for its calming and anti-inflammatory properties.

It contains essential oils and flavonoids that can help you relax.

Researchers have found that oral supplementation of chamomile significantly reduces anxiety and stress in patients with generalized anxiety (54-58).

Animal studies show that chamomile contains substances that act on the same parts of the brain as anti-anxiety drugs (52-53).

Apigenin, one of the main flavonoids in chamomile, reduces anxiety without sedation by enhancing GABA communication (59-61).

13. Passion Flower

Passion Flower represents a family of plants known as Passiflora.

There are about 500 known species of Passion Flower.

One species, Passiflora incarnata, has been shown to reduce anxiety and stress.

In one study, researchers found that Passiflora incarnata extract reduced generalized anxiety as much as a benzodiazepine. But it didn’t cause side effects that are common with anti-anxiety medication, such as cognitive impairment (213).

Two other studies show that supplementing with Passion Flower significantly reduces anxiety before surgery (214-215).

Animal research has found that it increases GABA, a neurotransmitter that reduces stress and anxiety (216-217).

Passion Flower is one of the first herbal remedies I took years ago to manage my anxiety. It’s included in this anti-anxiety supplement.

14. Lemon Balm

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is a lemon-scented herb and tea known to reduce inflammation, lower cortisol and increase GABA levels in the brain.

As a result, it has a sedative effect, calming the nerves and relaxing the body.

Research shows that lemon balm extract significantly reduces anxiety and stress in humans (146-149).

In one study, researchers gave Cyracos, a standardized lemon balm extract, to individuals with anxiety disorders, and it significantly reduced their anxiety. As much as 95% of the subjects responded to the treatment, and 70% of them achieved full remission (145).

Animal studies also show that it reduces stress and anxiety in rats by reducing stress hormones and increasing serotonin and GABA. The effects are comparable to anti-anxiety medication (150-155).

Lemon balm is included in this anti-anxiety supplement. 

15. Rhodiola

Rhodiola, also known as golden root or arctic root, is a Traditional Chinese and Scandinavian herb.

It’s one of the most popular adaptogens used to increase physical and mental stamina.

Research shows that rhodiola supplementation significantly reduces anxiety and stress symptoms (86),

In one study, individuals with generalized anxiety disorder supplemented with rhodiola, and it significantly reduced their symptoms of anxiety (88).

Improvements can be seen within just three days of treatment (87).

I take rhodiola as needed. I find that it improves my mood and energy, especially after stressful periods of pushing myself too hard.

Rhodiola has a number of brain and mental health benefits. I previously wrote about it here if you’re interested in learning more.

16. Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a plant that has been used in China for thousands of years to treat a number of health problems.

It’s one of the top-selling natural supplements in the world, and it’s even a prescription herb in Germany.

It’s most commonly used to improve brain health because it increases blood flow to the brain and improves memory and attention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals.

But researchers have also found that it reduces anxiety and stress.

Two studies show that supplementing with Ginkgo Biloba significantly reduces anxiety compared to placebo (115-116).

This occurs in both elderly individuals with cognitive decline and younger people with generalized anxiety disorder (115-116).

And in healthy individuals, it reduces cortisol release during a stressful event (119).

Animal studies also show that Ginkgo Biloba has anti-stress and anti-anxiety effects in both mice and rats, without producing benzodiazepine-like side effects (117-118, 120-122).

Ginkgo Biloba is included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

17. Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 is a key nutrient that supports your entire nervous system.

It accomplishes this by playing a key role in the production of calming neurotransmitters in your brain, including serotonin and GABA.

Studies have found that Vitamin B6 supplements can reduce anxiety (126-128).

When I took antidepressants and benzodiazepines for my chronic anxiety, multiple functional and integrative doctors suggested I supplement with Vitamin B6.

This is because these medications can actually further deplete Vitamin B6, increasing anxiety in the long run.

If you take a medication to manage your anxiety, or simply have anxiety and want to manage it better, I recommend supplementing with Vitamin B6.

Vitamin B6 is included in the Optimal Calm supplement.

18. Vitamin C

Vitamin C is another way to reduce your anxiety and stress.  

Researchers have found that Vitamin C supplements significantly reduce stress and anxiety in humans and animals by limiting cortisol levels (129-136).

As you probably know, Vitamin C is found in fruits and vegetables such as green peppers, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cabbage.

In addition to getting Vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, I take at least 100 mg of supplemental Vitamin C every day.

But based on my research and experience, if you want to reduce your stress and anxiety, you may have to take large doses of Vitamin C.

Two studies show that supplementing with a high dose (at least 3 grams) of Vitamin C reduces cortisol, psychological stress and anxiety (137-138).

I experimented with taking up to 10 grams of Vitamin C daily, and it definitely reduced my stress and anxiety when coming off several psychiatric medications.

That’s why it’s included in Optimal Calm.

19. Curcumin

Curcumin is the most heavily researched compound within turmeric, the spice that gives curry its yellow colour.

Research shows that it can reduce anxiety in individuals with major depressive disorder (139-141).

One animal study found that it reduces anxious behavior in rats (142).

Curcumin is a good option is you struggle with chronic inflammation and both depression and anxiety.

In my experience, it doesn’t help as much if you only have anxiety.

But it’s still one of my favourite natural compounds for the brain and mental health.

20. Lion’s Mane Mushroom

Hericium Erinaceus – better known as lion’s mane mushroom – is an edible mushroom with numerous health benefits.

It’s another one of my favourite supplements for brain health because it reduces inflammation and has antioxidant effects.

One study found that it reduced anxiety in 30 women after 4 weeks of supplementation (143).

And an animal study showed that it reduces anxious behaviour in rats by increasing neurogenesis (144).

This lion’s mane mushroom supplement is the highest-quality that I could find. I spent a lot of time researching and looking into different sources because not all lion's mane supplements are high-quality and effective, and I settled on this one.

21. Holy Basil

Holy Basil (Ocimum sanctum) is an adaptogenic herb that supports the body’s stress response. 

It’s known to have calming and relaxing effects on the body and mind.

In one study, researchers found that OciBest, a whole plant extract of Holy Basil, significantly reduced symptoms of stress. It was 39 per cent more effective than placebo, and there were no adverse effects (156).

Another study showed that supplementing with Holy Basil significantly reduces stress and anxiety in people with generalized anxiety disorder (157).

It’s also been shown to reduce cortisol (158-159).

And there is plenty of animal research showing that Holy Basil reduces anxiety, stress and stress hormone levels in mice and rats. And the anti-anxiety and anti-stress effects are comparable to antidepressant drugs (160-164).

Holy Basil can be taken as a supplement, herbal tea, dried powder, or fresh leaf used in cooking.

22. Saffron

Saffron is a spice derived from the Crocus sativus plant.

It has a number of health benefits due to the medicinal compounds within it.

Safranal and Crocetin, two of the compounds within saffron, have been shown to stimulate GABA receptors and increase serotonin levels in the brain (165-166).

Because of this, researchers have found that supplementing with a saffron extract can reduce anxiety (167).

Several preclinical and clinical studies show that supplementing with saffron significantly reduces stress and anxiety in adults and youth without side effects (169-173).

And one study found that the aroma of saffron significantly reduces cortisol levels and symptoms of anxiety in women (168).

Animal research also demonstrates that saffron reduced anxiety-like behaviours in mice (174).

23. Sceletium Tortuosum

Sceletium tortuosum is a plant commonly found in South Africa.

It’s a psychoactive herb but it doesn’t cause hallucinations or lead to addiction.

It often used before stressful events because research shows that it reduces anxiety and stress.

Researchers have found that it reduces anxiety and stress in humans by decreasing activity in the amygdala and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin (175).

Animal studies have also shown that reduces anxiety and stress hormones (176-179).

Zembrin is the patented form of Sceletium tortuosum often found in supplements.

24. Lavender

Lavender is often used in soap and shampoo because it smells nice.

But it also has a number of health benefits.

Lots of research shows that lavender significantly increases calmness, relieves restlessness and nervousness, and reduces emotional distress in people with anxiety disorders – without causing any unwanted side effects (180-183).

One study found that Silexan, an oral lavender oil capsule, is just as effective at reducing generalized anxiety as lorazepam, a common benzodiazepine. And it didn’t cause side effects or addiction like the anti-anxiety medication (184).

Tons of other studies show that inhaling the scent of lavender oil significantly reduces anxiety before exams, surgery and dental procedures (185-190).

And in two studies of women with postpartum depression, inhalation of lavender oil significantly decreased their anxiety and stress (191-192).

Unlike a lot of other natural compounds, scientists actually understand how lavender works – it decreases heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and sweating; and it increases heart-rate variability and alpha brain waves (193-198).

Animal research also shows that it reduces anxiety in rats by increasing GABA (199-204).

As a result of all this, it has a powerful sedative effect on the nervous system, decreases the fight-or-flight responses, and relaxes the body.

Lavender essential oil can be taken orally, inhaled or applied to your skin.

Silexan is an oral lavander oil capsule commonly used in studies.

25. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)

5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a naturally-occurring amino acid and the precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter that can reduce stress and anxiety.

It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and effectively increases the synthesis of serotonin in the brain (205).

Research shows that supplementing with 5-HTP significantly reduces anxiety by increasing serotonin levels (206-208, 212).

One study found that people with panic disorder who take 5-HTP experience a reduction in panic and the fewer panic attacks (209).

Not only does 5-HTP reduce anxiety by increasing serotonin; it’s also been shown to promote relaxation by increasing GABA and BDNF levels (210-211).

5-HTP in supplement form is extracted from the plant Griffonia simplicifolia.

26. Black Seed Oil

Nigella sativa, more commonly known as Black Cumin Seed, has been used as a natural remedy for more than 2000 years.

It’s surprising more people haven’t heard of it because it’s actually one of the top-ranked evidence-based herbal medicines.

Researchers have found that black seed oil reduces inflammation and anxiety without side effects (218-219).

Studies also show that it significantly reduces anxiety-like behaviour in animals by increasing GABA and serotonin levels (220-224).

27. Skullcap

Skullcap refers to two separate medicinal herbs – American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) and Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicallensis).

Both herbs have been shown to reduce anxiety and stress.

A double blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrated that American skullcap can reduce anxiety in adults (225).

Other research has found that Chinese skullcap can reduce anxiety and treat stress-related disorders by reducing stress hormones and enhancing GABA receptor activity (226-228).

28. Gotu Kola

Gotu Kola (Centella Asiatica) is an herb with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

It has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to alleviate symptoms of anxiety.

Researchers have found that Gotu Kola significantly reduces anxiety, stress and depression in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (229).

In one study, people that supplemented with Gotu Kola were less likely to be anxious and easily startled (230).

Animal research shows that lowers anxiety-like behaviour in rats by increasing GABA levels (231-233).

It's important to point out that the Gotu Kola plant soaks up heavy metals from the soil. So you need to find a high-quality, organic source that doesn’t contain heavy metals.

Bringing It All Together: Taking Them in Combination Is Better Than Individually

It’s important to note that taking a combination of the above options will provide the greatest relief from anxiety.

They have a synergistic effect, meaning they work better when taken together.

Here are a bunch of proven combinations that you should consider if you want to powerfully reduce your anxiety and stress:

• Ashwagandha and Bacopa – In one study, researchers found that taking these herbs together worked significantly better than taking them alone (269).

• Bacopa and Omega-3 Fatty Acids – Since Bacopa is fat soluble, it’s said that it works better when it’s taken with a meal that contains fat. And research backs this up. One study found that bacopa and fish oil are more therapeutic together (270).

• Valerian and Lemon Balm – These two herbs are most often sold in combination with each other. And there’s good reasons why. Together, both of these plants significantly reduce anxiety, restlessness, concentration difficulties and impulsiveness in adults and children (272-273). Their both included in the Optimal Calm supplement.

• Chamomile and Lavender – One study showed that the aroma of both chamomile and lavender was more effective at reducing symptoms of anxiety and stress than either of them alone (271).

• L-Lysine and L-Arginine – These two amino acids aren’t even included in the list above because they aren’t effective at reducing anxiety and stress alone. But together, they have been shown to significantly reduce anxiety and decrease cortisol levels (274).

• A lozenge containing 4 different herbal preparations (lavender oil, extracts from hops, lemon balm and oat) has been shown to reduce anxiety, increase relaxation and increase alpha brain waves (275).

If you’re looking for an all-in-one supplement, this anti-anxiety supplement includes several of the natural compounds listed above all in one capsule.

Enjoy This Article? You Might Also Like My FREE Food Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health!

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE FREE GUIDE

Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

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References:

(1) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6285406

(2) https://goo.gl/D1Sh2B

(3) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20829306/

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20 Nutrient Deficiencies Proven to Cause Depression

Being depressed doesn’t mean you’re weak.

It’s not a defect in your personality. 

As I’m sure you know, it’s often caused by physiological changes in your body and brain.

So you need to think of it like any other illness. 

If you have a broken bone, you need to wear a cast to stabilize the bone while it heals. 

And if you have depression, you need to be kind to yourself, as you seek and address the underlying root causes. 

The good news is that you’re not powerless. 

I used to think that I’d be depressed forever.

That my depression was simply genetic, and I couldn’t do anything about it. 

In fact, I accepted that notion for a while.

I felt defeated and hopeless, and thought I'd feel that way for my entire life.

I told myself I’d simply have to rely on drugs to survive because that’s just “how I’m wired”. 

But then one day, I changed my mind and decided that I’d had enough. 

And I was actually going to get to the bottom of it instead of just accepting it.

I took action and searched far and wide for safer and healthier solutions to deal with my depression.

I came across a lot of different research and therapies.

I wasn’t sure if they would work, but then they did.

And I overcome my depression for good. 

One of my most important discoveries was that nutrient deficiencies can make your depression worse. 

And they could even be the root cause of it. 

It made so much sense.

But why hadn’t anyone ever brought it up?

I delved deeper into the scientific literature, and I found MANY nutrient deficiencies that can contribute to depression.

I started increasing my intake of them.

And I got better.

Much better.

This new post includes 20 nutrient deficiencies that could be making you feel depressed.

Read on to learn more. 

Vitamin Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

1. Vitamin B12

“Lack of understanding of B12 is one of the greatest tragedies of modern medicine.”

— Dr. James Greenblatt, Integrative Psychiatrist

Having sufficient levels of Vitamin B12 is necessary for optimal brain and mental health.  

Unfortunately, a deficiency is very common, especially in older individuals and vegetarians and vegans.

And even if you eat meat and you’re young, you may still have a deficiency. 

Poor gut health and even psychiatric medications can cause a deficiency.

In fact, it’s estimated that almost 40% of Americans are deficient today.

Numerous studies have shown that having a deficiency in Vitamin B12 leads to symptoms of depression (16-22). 

And B12 levels tend to be significantly lower in people who are depressed (13). 

In one study, subjects with Vitamin B12 deficiency were 2 times as likely to be severely depressed as non-deficient subjects (15). 

Even a mild decrease in B12 levels is associated with mood disturbances (14). 

Luckily, there are steps you can take if you’re deficient. 

Vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal foods, and beef liver is an excellent source. I take beef liver capsules because I don’t like the taste of liver.

You may also want to supplement with Vitamin B12 because studies show that B12 supplementation significantly lowers homocysteine levels and reduces depressive symptoms (23-24). 

If you decide to supplement, avoid the semisynthetic version of B12 (cyanocobalamin) and instead take the methylated form (methylcobalamin or methyl-B12). 

Methyl-B12 is better absorbed and more biologically active.

2. Vitamin D (and Vitamin K2)

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that your skin synthesizes when exposed to the sun.

Every tissue in your body has Vitamin D receptors, including the brain, so a deficiency can lead to costly physiological and psychological consequences, including depression.

Researchers have found a very strong link between Vitamin D deficiency and depression (27-28). 

The lower your Vitamin D levels, the more symptoms of depression you are likely to have (35). 

Unfortunately, reports indicate that Vitamin D deficiency is widespread and a major health problem globally (25). 

Researchers estimate that 50 percent of the general population is at risk of Vitamin D deficiency (26). 

It’s best to get your Vitamin D by going outside and getting sunlight.

It’s especially important to make sure you get some sunlight in the morning to set your circadian rhythm. 

But most people still don’t get enough Vitamin D from the sun, especially during the winter.

That’s why I recommend taking a Vitamin D supplement. 

Research does show that taking a Vitamin D3 supplement is effective at reducing symptoms of depression and seasonal affective disorder (29-31). 

This is likely because Vitamin D increases the production of numerous neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine (32-34). 

It's important to test and monitor your Vitamin D levels before and after supplementing with it.

Lastly, if you decide to supplement with Vitamin D3, you should consider taking it with Vitamin K2. 

A recent study found that Vitamin K2 reduces depression in animals (36). 

And Vitamin K2 is known to improve brain function in humans (37-38). 

3. Vitamin B6

Having a deficiency in Vitamin B6 can also contribute to your depression.

It’s a key nutrient that supports your entire nervous system.

It can boost your mood because it plays a key role in the production of neurotransmitters in your brain, including serotonin and dopamine. It also lowers homocysteine. 

Research shows that people with depressive symptoms tend to have low levels of Vitamin B6 (85-87). 

A Vitamin B6 deficiency also contributes to chronic inflammation, which is one of the main underlying root causes of depression (88). 

Fortunately, consuming more Vitamin B6 can help. 

One study found that women that eat more foods containing Vitamin B6 have a lower risk of depression (89). 

Some of the best food sources of Vitamin B6 include potatoes, bananas and chicken. 

But supplementation is often necessary to see quick improvements. 

One study found that supplementing with Vitamin B6 can reduce depressive symptoms by lowering homocysteine levels (90). 

When I took antidepressants for depression, multiple functional and integrative doctors suggested I supplement with Vitamin B6.

This is because these medications can actually further deplete Vitamin B6, increasing depression in the long run. 

Vitamin B6 is included in the Optimal Zinc supplement.

4. Vitamin C

Having low levels of Vitamin C can also make you feel depressed.

Researchers have found that poor Vitamin C status is associated with increased symptoms of depression (105). 

Animal research also shows that a Vitamin C deficiency can lead to low levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain, which causes mice to act depressed (106-107). 

As you probably know, Vitamin C can be found in foods such as peppers, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, broccoli, tomatoes, and berries. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

In addition to getting Vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, I take at least 500 grams of this Vitamin C every day. 

I’ve experimented with taking up to 10 grams daily, and it definitely improved my mood and reduced my stress levels, especially when I was coming off antidepressants. 

Research backs this up, showing that supplementing with Vitamin C can actually improve mood in both unhealthy and healthy individuals (95, 102-103). 

Various other studies show that Vitamin C supplements reduce stress and anxiety and decrease the severity of depression (96-101, 104).

Studies even show that Vitamin C can increase the effectiveness of antidepressants (108-109). 

5. Folate

Folate (Vitamin B9) is an essential B vitamin that plays a key role in methylation, one of the most important processes in your body and brain for optimal energy and nervous system function.

Researchers have found that if you are depressed, you likely have lower levels of folate circulating in your blood, and people with low blood folate are at greater risk for developing depression (55-56). 

Good dietary sources of natural folate include: 

• Leafy greens

• Asparagus

• Broccoli

• Cauliflower

• Strawberries

• Avocado

• Beef liver

• Poultry

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

However, eating folate-rich foods sometimes isn’t enough. In fact, many people do not get enough folate from food because cooking and food processing destroy natural folates (54).

And supplementation is often needed. 

In one study, patients with depression took methylfolate for 6 months, and they witnessed a significant improvement in their depressive symptoms (57). 

Researchers have even suggested that folate supplementation should be a first-line treatment for depression (58). 

Methylfolate can be effective at treating depression because it helps lower homocysteine levels, helps produce serotonin and dopamine, and stimulates serotonin receptors in the brain (59-62). 

6. Thiamine

Thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1, is an essential water-soluble nutrient that cannot be made by the body. 

It’s used in nearly every cell in the body and especially important for supporting energy levels.

It’s also required by nerve cells and other supporting cells in the nervous system (167). 

Research shows that lower levels of Vitamin B1 are associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms (168).

Vitamin B1 deficiency is also known to lead to irritability and symptoms of depression (170). 

Some doctors and researchers believe that postpartum depression is sometimes simply a Vitamin B1 deficiency (169). 

Luckily, consuming more Vitamin B1 can help.

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial found that Vitamin B1 supplementation reduces symptoms of depression within 6 weeks (171). 

And another concluded that Vitamin B1 supplementation improves mood, reduces brain fog, and speeds up reaction time (172).

In fact, researchers have even found that subjects’ mood improves if the amount of Vitamin B1 in their blood increases, and that the opposite occurs if the amount of Vitamin B1 in their blood decreases (173). 

Healthy food sources of Vitamin B1 include green peas, beef liver, asparagus, pecans, spinach, sunflower seeds, macadamia nuts, oranges, cantaloupe and eggs. 

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

7. Riboflavin

Riboflavin, also known as Vitamin B2, plays a key role in energy metabolism throughout your entire body.  

As a result, a Vitamin B2 deficiency can affect the entire body, leading to low energy, weight gain, and depression.

In fact, lower levels of Vitamin B2 have been found in people with depression (91). 

Researchers have also found that Vitamin B2 consumption decreases risk of postpartum depression (92). 

Healthy food sources of Vitamin B2 include pastured eggs, leafy vegetables, beef liver, mushrooms, sunflower seeds, and almonds. 

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

If you’d like, you can also supplement with Vitamin B2.

Studies show that supplementing with Vitamin B2 helps lower homocysteine and reduces depressive symptoms (93-94). 

Vitamin B2 is included in the Optimal Zinc supplement. 

8. Inositol

Inositol is a naturally-occurring molecule found in nearly all plants and animals. It plays a key role in various biological processes.

The brain has the highest concentration of inositol, where it plays an important role making neurotransmitters (124). 

Inositol can be found in many foods, particularly fruit, especially cantaloupe and oranges (125). 

It used to be considered a B Vitamin, called Vitamin B8. But it currently is no longer considered an essential nutrient because your body can produce inositol from glucose (126). 

But I’m including it in this list anyway because individuals with depression have very low levels of inositol in their brains (127-129). 

And inositol supplementation has been shown to increase inositol levels and help treat depression (130, 132). 

It can also reduce symptoms of depression in women with premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (131, 133). 

It’s even been shown to help patients who have discontinued their antidepressant medication (134). 

I took high doses of inositol powder when weening off psychiatric medication.

Check out my full post about inositol to learn more about the benefits. 

Fun fact: Inositol is also used as a stand-in for cocaine in television shows and movies. 

9. Coenzyme Q10

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a coenzyme and antioxidant located primarily in the mitochondria. It has numerous known health benefits and plays a critical role in producing energy for the body.

CoQ10 is produced within the body, but it’s also found within food and can be supplied to the body through food or supplementation. It resembles a fat-soluble vitamin.

Meat and fish are the richest sources of dietary CoQ10, including beef, pork, chicken heart, and chicken liver. Nuts and some oils also contain some CoQ10 (110). 

Research shows that CoQ10 levels are reduced in people with depression and chronic fatigue (111). 

One study also found that CoQ10 regulates serotonin levels and depressive symptoms in fibromyalgia patients (117). 

CoQ10 supplementation has also been shown to improve fatigue and reduce depression symptom severity (112-114). 

It also displays antidepressant-like activity in animals (115-116). 

Mineral Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

10. Magnesium

Magnesium is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body.

Unfortunately, a lot of people are deficient in magnesium today.  

This is a shame because magnesium is absolutely essential for the proper functioning of your nervous system and optimal neurotransmitter activity. 

Research shows that low magnesium levels contribute and worsen many neuropsychiatric problems, including depression (42). 

In fact, researchers have found that people with depression have lower magnesium levels than healthy people (49). 

They’ve also found a significant association between very low magnesium intake and depression (43). 

On top of this, animal research shows that removing magnesium from their diet results in depressive-like symptoms (50). 

So if you’re struggling with depression, it’s very important to make sure you’re getting enough magnesium so that you don’t have a deficiency.

Luckily, there are a number of ways to do this. 

First, make sure you’re eating magnesium-rich foods on a regular basis, including:

• Spinach

• Chard

• Pumpkin seeds

• Almonds

• Avocado

• Dark chocolate

• Bananas

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

Epsom salt baths are another great way to increase your body’s intake of magnesium. 

I also highly recommend a high-quality supplement that includes magnesium.

Magnesium is included in this supplement.

A number of studies have concluded that magnesium supplementation can reduce depressive symptoms in humans – sometimes within 7 days (44-48). 

Since most people are deficient, magnesium is one of the three supplements that I think everyone should be taking.

11. Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral for mental health.

Like magnesium, it plays a key role in neurotransmission and nervous system functioning.

Mounting evidence suggests a link between zinc deficiency and the development and severity of depression (66-68, 76).  

Depressed patients tend to have lower levels of zinc. And as their zinc levels drop, their depressive symptoms get worse (81-84). 

Unfortunately, it’s estimated that 2 billion people in the world are deficient in zinc, and several studies show that even subclinical deficiency of zinc impairs brain function in children and adults (63-65). 

So, if you struggle with depression, it’s quite possible that you’re deficient, and you’ll definitely want to optimize your zinc levels. 

Some of the best food sources of zinc include:

• Oysters

• Grass-fed beef

• Pumpkin seeds

• Cashews

• Mushrooms

• Spinach

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.

However, if you’re deficient like I was, I recommend taking a high-quality zinc supplement, at least for a short period of time. 

A meta-analysis and several studies have concluded that zinc supplementation has antidepressant effects and significantly reduces symptoms of depression. One way it improves mood is by significantly increasing BDNF levels (69-75, 77-80).

I created and take the Optimal Zinc supplement to make sure my zinc levels are optimal. 

Check out my previous post all about zinc if you’re interested in discovering more steps you can take to increase your zinc levels.

12. Iron

Iron is a trace mineral found in every living cell in our bodies.

It carries oxygen to all parts of your body, and low levels can leave you feeling tired, pale, irritable and foggy. 

Sounds like depression doesn’t it?

Several studies show that iron deficiency increases the risk of developing depression and increases the severity of depression (184-186, 188-190). 

Researchers have also conducted a meta-analysis and found that high iron intake reduces the chance of developing depression (183). 

In one study, iron supplementation resulted in a 25% improvement in depressive symptoms (187). 

Despite this, I don’t actually recommend supplementing with iron though because some research suggests that too much iron can cause health problems.

It’s definitely preferable to get your iron from food. 

I make sure I get enough iron simply by taking grass-fed beef liver capsules.

Beef liver is one of the best sources of iron, but I don’t like the taste, so I go with the capsules.

Other good sources of iron include:

• Spirulina

• Dark chocolate

• Spinach

• Sardines

• Pistachios

• Raisons

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

13. Selenium

Selenium is an essential trace mineral that is important for many bodily processes that affect your brain and mental health.

Researchers have found that depression is associated with low levels of selenium (191). 

But supplementing with selenium has been shown to significantly increase selenium levels and improve symptoms of depression (192). 

Other research shows that selenium intake is associated with a general elevation of mood (193). 

Brazil nuts are the richest dietary source of selenium, but it can also be found in wild-caught seafood, pastured chicken and eggs, and grass-fed meat.

I also make sure I’m not deficiency in selenium by supplementing with it.

Selenium is included in this supplement.

14. Manganese

Manganese is an important trace mineral for human health. It acts as a cofactor, helping many enzymes carry out their functions in the body.

Research shows that having low levels of manganese can contribute to the development of depression (135). 

One study found that depressed patients had significantly lower levels of “manganese superoxide dismutase”, which is a manganese-dependent enzyme (136). 

Researchers have also found that women with higher manganese intake had a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (137). 

Hazelnuts and macadamia nuts contain high levels of manganese, while leafy green vegetables, tea, chocolate and some fruits contain moderate levels (139). 

However, it’s important to note that you shouldn’t consume too much manganese.

In excess, manganese is neurotoxic and can lead to manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease (138). 

So I definitely don’t recommend supplementing with large doses of manganese. 

The small amount of manganese in Optimal Antiox is fine though. It’s what I take. 

Fatty Acid Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

15. Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid

Dihomo-Gamma-Linolenic Acid (DGLA) is an uncommon fatty acid.

It’s made in the body by the elongation of Gamma Linolenic Acid (GLA).

But small amounts can also be found in animal products (118). 

Last year, researchers found that people with depression are more likely to have low levels of DGLA levels (121). 

And increasing DGLA levels may lower the risk of developing depression (122). 

DGLA also has anti-inflammatory effects in the body (119). 

So it makes sense that levels would be low in depressed individuals because an increasing amount of evidence suggests that depression is a chronic inflammatory disease. 

DGLA can be increased by supplementing with dietary GLA (120). 

GLA can be found in Borage Oil, Evening Primrose Oil and Blackcurrant Seed Oil (123). 

16. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3s fatty acids are the highest quality fats for the brain and increasing your intake of them is one of the most impactful actions you can take to fight depression.

Several studies have shown that depressive patients have lower levels of omega-3 fatty acids (1-3).

Researchers even conducted a meta-analysis of 14 studies, and they found that levels of omega-3 fatty acids were significantly lower in people with depression (4). 

They concluded that having a deficiency in omega-3 fatty acids is a “contributing factor to mood disorders” (5). 

It’s important to consume enough omega-3 fatty acids because they are essential fats that your body cannot produce itself.

Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in cold water fish, including:

• Salmon

• Black cod

• Sablefish

• Sardines

• Herring

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

Unfortunately, most people don't consume enough omega-3 fatty acids through their diet.

That’s why I recommend supplementing with krill oil, a special kind of fish oil that contains the essential omega-3 fatty acids. 

Plenty of research shows that omega-3 supplements are effective at treating clinical depression – just as effective as antidepressants drugs – because they lower inflammation in the brain (6-10). 

Amino Acid Deficiencies That Can Cause Depression

17. Carnitine

Carnitine is an amino acid found in nearly every cell of the body. It plays a vital role in the production of energy.

Researchers have found significantly lower levels of carnitine in patients with depression. And their low carnitine levels are associated with the severity of their depression (11-12, 174-175). 

Carnitine is mainly found in meat, fish and poultry.

But you can also supplement with it. 

I recommend Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALCAR), an acetylated form of carnitine. It’s best supplemental form of carnitine. 

It’s often used as a natural brain booster because it increases alertness and provides support to brain cells.

But it’s also been shown to be very effective at quickly improving mood and treating depression (179-182). 

Six randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that ALCAR is better at treating depression than placebo (177). 

And two other studies found that ALCAR improved depressive symptoms in patients with chronic depression, and it was just as effective as antidepressant medications, but with less side effects (176, 178). 

ALCAR is included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of ALCAR.

18. Glutamine

Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the body, suggesting that it’s very important.

It’s also one of the few amino acids that can directly cross the blood-brain barrier.

Glutamine is a conditionally essential amino acid, meaning the body can usually produce sufficient amounts of it. But sometimes the body uses up so much glutamine that it becomes necessary to obtain it from the diet or supplements, particularly during periods of illness, stress, inflammation and injuries (156-157). 

Researchers have found that depressed adults have reduced levels of glutamine (158). 

And glutamine deficiency has been shown to increase depressive-like behaviour in animals (159). 

But glutamine supplementation has “clear anti-depressive properties” and has been shown to improve mood (160-161). 

High levels of glutamine can be found in protein-rich foods such as beef, chicken, fish and eggs. Beets, cabbage, spinach, carrots, parsley, brussel sprouts, celery, kale and fermented foods like miso also contain some glutamine.

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.

Glutamine is also available in supplement form. 

Glutamine was one of the main supplements that helped me heal my leaky gut, but I no longer need to take it regularly. 

19. Tryptophan

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that cannot be produced by the body. It must be consumed through diet or by taking supplements. 

Some healthy foods that contain tryptophan include bananas, chicken, turkey and dark chocolate (140). 

Tryptophan helps produce the neurotransmitter serotonin. It’s converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) in the brain, which then produces serotonin (141-142). 

Researchers have found that depressed patients have significantly lower levels of tryptophan in their blood than healthy control subjects (143-144). 

Studies also show that depressed patients have a decreased ratio of tryptophan to neutral amino acids in their blood. This suggests that tryptophan availability to the brain is likely reduced in depressed patients (145-146). 

Personally, supplementing with tryptophan never helped me. In fact, it always seemed to make me worse. It gave me asthma and acne and increased my depression.  

This is because depressed patients sometimes have problems creating serotonin from tryptophan. Instead, they create other metabolites from tryptophan, such as quinolinic acid, which can be toxic. For depressed patients like me, tryptophan supplementation won’t help, and may actually make their depression worse (150-151). 

However, some people do see their mood improve when they increase their intake of tryptophan. So it shouldn’t be completely disregarded. 

There are studies that show that consuming a high tryptophan diet and consuming additional dietary tryptophan can increase mood and lead to significantly less depressive symptoms (152-154). 

So supplementing with tryptophan is worth a shot if you’re struggling with depression and haven’t tried it yet. Just be aware of possible side effects. 

If you want, you can also try supplementing with 5-HTP instead of tryptophan. 5-HTP is the direct precursor to serotonin. 

5-HTP is included in this supplement. 

20. Glutathione

Glutathione is a small peptide made up of 3 important amino acids – glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine – each of which have several important roles in the human body.

Glutathione is found in the food supply and within the human body, where it acts as an antioxidant. It is used by every cell in the body.

It’s technically not an “essential nutrient” because the body can create it.

However, it’s still very important, and a glutathione deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, which is thought to be involved in a number of diseases, including depression.

Studies show that patients with depression have significantly lower levels of glutathione. And the lower a person’s glutathione levels, the more depressed they are likely to be (162-164). 

Some practitioners and researchers have found that increasing glutathione intake and levels can successfully treat depression (165). 

Glutathione is also able to prevent behavioural depression in animals (166). 

It’s important to note that standard glutathione supplements are not very effective at increasing glutathione levels because they are not well absorbed by the body.

N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) is a tried-and-true way of increasing glutathione levels because it’s the direct precursor to glutathione. 

Garlic, asparagus, and cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli and kale, can also help boost glutathione levels, but NAC supplements are more powerful. 

Other supplements that have been shown to help increase and maintain optimal glutathione levels include Selenium, Alpha Lipoic Acid, and S-adenosyl-methionine (Sam-E). 

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Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

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27 Effective Ways to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters. 

It's critical for the optimal functioning of your brain. 

And you’ll definitely want to optimize your levels, especially if you’re looking to improve your memory, attention, sleep and learning abilities. 

Luckily, there are a number of ways you can increase the acetylcholine levels in your brain. 

And this article shares the best strategies with you.  

This post includes six main sections: 

• The benefits of increasing acetylcholine and how it affects brain function 

• The conditions associated with low levels of acetylcholine 

• The best choline supplements you can take to increase acetylcholine production 

• The best foods and nutrients you should eat to raise acetylcholine 

• The best herbal supplements for boosting acetylcholine 

• And the most important hormones for optimal acetylcholine levels 

Continue reading to learn more and discover how you can naturally improve your acetylcholine levels. 

The Benefits of Increasing Acetylcholine and How It Affects Your Brain

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter, meaning it’s a chemical messenger released by neurons (nerve cells) to “communicate” with other neurons. 

In 1914, it was the very first neurotransmitter to be identified within the brain (82-83).  

Researchers have found that acetylcholine acts on the entire nervous system and plays a large variety of roles throughout the brain. 

But it’s most commonly associated with improved memory and learning (84-85).  

The brain actually needs enough acetylcholine to form memories. 

Research shows that acetylcholine plays a central role in synaptic plasticity, which is a process in the brain that allows brain cells to store new information and memories (88). 

Scopolamine is a drug that blocks acetylcholine activity, and it’s known to impair learning and memory in both humans and animals (86-87).  

What’s also interesting is that acetylcholine levels have even been shown to rise during REM sleep, which is the stage of sleep when humans “store and consolidate” new memories (89-91).  

But acetylcholine doesn’t just improve your memory and learning abilities.  

New studies suggest it helps you stay awake, alert and focused (92-93).  

In fact, some stimulant drugs such as amphetamines and cocaine increase the activity of acetylcholine in the brain, and researchers think acetylcholine may be responsible for the wakefulness-promoting effects of these drugs (94).  

Lastly – but perhaps most importantly – acetylcholine can promote relaxation by stimulating the vagus nerve. 

Research shows that acetylcholine can stimulate vagus nerve activity, which can reduce brain inflammation and improve cognitive function and mental health (95, 99).  

Surprisingly, acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of the “rest-and-digest” parasympathetic nervous system. It activates the parasympathetic nervous system and counteracts “fight-or-flight” tendencies (96-98).  

Conditions Associated with Low Levels of Acetylcholine

As we get older, acetylcholine activity slowly becomes less and less efficient. Less acetylcholine is released from brain cells, and cells become less sensitive to the acetylcholine that’s released. 

Studies suggest that this is one reason why memory starts to fail in older people (100).  

But besides aging, low acetylcholine levels (and reduced acetylcholine activity in certain areas of the brain) have also been linked to the development and progression of several brain and mental health conditions.  

The biggest link is with Alzheimer's disease and dementia, as people with these conditions often have low acetylcholine levels (101-102). 

In fact, it’s estimated that patients with Alzheimer’s Disease lose 90% of the acetylcholine in their brains (107).  

Research shows that low acetylcholine in the brain can cause cognitive decline and poor memory in people with dementia and Alzheimer's disease.  

And many of the medications that are prescribed to relieve cognitive symptoms and slow down the disease’s progression often work by increasing acetylcholine in the brain and stimulating acetylcholine activity throughout the brain (103-112).  

Parkinson’s disease is another neurodegenerative disorder that is linked to low acetylcholine levels in the brain (113).  

Too little acetylcholine in the brain can also contribute to the poor cognition and psychosis seen in people suffering with schizophrenia (114-115).  

It’s also been found that patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis have lower acetylcholine levels (116).  

Lastly, children with autism may lack acetylcholine in their brain, which can contribute to their intellectual impairment. But increasing acetylcholine can improve cognitive and social symptoms (117-118).  

It’s also important to point out that many prescription medications are anticholinergic, meaning they reduce acetylcholine and inhibit the physiological action of acetylcholine in the brain.  

I used to be on several prescription drugs that were anticholinergic, and I experienced a gradual decline in my cognition. 

But once I started following and implementing some of the steps below, I noticed an improvement in cognitive function since they increased my levels of acetylcholine.  

I still follow much of the advice below because it helps me focus, remember and learn more effectively. 

The Best Choline Supplements to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

One of the best and most straightforward approaches to increasing acetylcholine levels is by supplementing with choline. 

Choline is an essential nutrient, meaning it can’t be made by the body. You must consume it through your diet. 

Unfortunately, most people don’t eat enough choline because very few foods in the Western diet contain high amounts of it. 

This is a huge problem because choline is a precursor to acetylcholine. It’s one of the important building blocks that the brain needs to make acetylcholine. You need to eat enough choline to synthesize enough acetylcholine in your brain. 

And in one study, researchers found that a higher intake of choline was associated with better cognitive performance (79).  

There are several types of choline supplements on the market, and many of them claim to increase choline and boost acetylcholine levels in the brain.  

But unfortunately, many of them are not effective at increasing choline levels in the brain and raising acetylcholine.  

I’ve tried all of the main choline supplements over the years.  

And I’ve found the two below to be the most effective and best options.  

That’s why they're now both included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

1. Citicoline

Citicoline (also known as CDP-Choline) is one of the most bioavailable supplemental forms of choline. 

It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. 

Research shows that citicoline increases choline levels in the brain (1).  

Since choline helps produce acetylcholine, citicoline also increases acetylcholine in the brain (2, 5-6).  

Researchers have found that citicoline increases the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the brain after traumatic brain injury. It also increases the number of acetylcholine receptors in your brain (4,7).  

As a result, supplementing with citicoline can improve cognition, working memory and verbal memory, and attention (80-81).  

Citicoline significantly improves my focus and mental energy. That’s why it’s in the Optimal Brain supplement.  

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of Citicoline.

2. Alpha GPC

Alpha GPC is another excellent supplemental form of choline. It’s very effective at reaching the brain and improving cognitive function.  

Researchers have found that Alpha GPC enhances cognition and improves learning and memory by increasing the release of acetylcholine in the brain (8).  

One study found that it increases levels of acetylcholine in the frontal cortex region of the brain, which improves memory, judgment and decision making (10).  

Alpha GPC can also increase the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain, which can help treat dementia (9).  

Alpha GPC is in Optimal Brain along with citicoline.  

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of Alpha GPC, the optimal dosage, and the best way to take it.

The Best Foods and Nutrients to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

3. Pantethine

Pantethine is the bioactive form of Vitamin B5.  

It’s the precursor to coenzyme A. And coezyme A plays a key role in the synthesis of acetylcholine. 

So supplementing with pantethine can lead to an increase in the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain (11-13). 

Researchers have found that chronic alcohol consumption is known to deplete pantethine in the brain. This then inhibits coenzyme A and reduces levels of acetylcholine in all areas of the brain (11-13). 

So it’s best to avoid alcohol if you want to increase your acetylcholine levels. 

And if you do drink alcohol regularly, definitely supplement with pantethine so that you can maintain your acetylcholine levels. 

Pantethine is one of my favourite supplements for energy, focus and motivation.  

That’s why I included it in the Optimal Energy supplement. 

Pantethine is also a key part of Dr. Bredesen’s protocol for preventing dementia.  

4. Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is an acetylated form of the amino acid carnitine.  

It’s been shown to have neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects.  

It’s often used as a natural brain booster by people of all ages because it supports brain cells, enhances cognition, and increases alertness. 

One reason it works so well is because it’s the precursor to acetylcholine and increases levels of acetylcholine in the brain. It also activates acetylcholine receptors in the brain (14-15).  

As a result, researchers believe it should be used to treat cognitive decline (16).  

I find that ALCAR personally gives me a big boost in cognitive energy and resilience. It keeps me motivated to do complex tasks that require optimal brain function.  

It’s included it in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

Make sure you read this article to learn more about the remarkable benefits of ALCAR.

5. Zinc

Zinc is an essential mineral for brain health.  

Unfortunately, it’s estimated that 2 billion people in the world are deficient in zinc, and several studies show that even subclinical zinc deficiency impairs brain function (75-77). 

That’s a huge problem. 

Because studies show that zinc significantly inhibits acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down and reduces acetylcholine. As a result, it increases acetylcholine levels (23). 

Researchers have also found that zinc activates acetylcholine receptors in the brain (24-25).  

I created and take the Optimal Zinc supplement to make sure my zinc levels are optimal. I created it because I want to give my clients and readers the very best zinc supplement so that they can experience superior results. I have found that many zinc supplements on the market fall short.  Optimal Zinc includes several other nutrients (co-factors) that increase the absorption of zinc.  

Besides supplementing with zinc, you should also eat plenty of healthy, whole foods that contain zinc. 

Some of the best foods to optimize your zinc levels include:

• Oysters 

• Grass-fed beef 

• Pumpkin seeds 

• Cashews 

• Mushrooms 

• Spinach  

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.  

Check out my previous post all about zinc for more steps you can take to increase your zinc levels. 

6. Epigallocatechin Gallate

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) is the main polyphenol found in green tea.  

It’s been shown to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. 

Research shows that EGCG improves cognitive function by increasing cholinergic neurotransmission in the brain (26).  

I personally drink organic green tea regularly, usually in place of coffee on days when I’m relaxing. 

However, it’s important to keep in mind that the body isn't very good at absorbing EGCG from green tea and distributing it to the brain and other tissues.  

That's why researchers often use large dosages of concentrated EGCG in their studies instead of green tea.  

But unfortunately, large dosages of concentrated EGCG have been shown to cause liver toxicity.  

So you could supplement with large dosages of concentrated EGCG and see some benefits.  

But you'd be damaging your liver at the same time.  

Not good.  

So what should you do? How do you absorb EGCG and get the amazing benefits of it without damaging your liver?  

You take it with Vitamin C.  

Research shows that you can enhance the absorption and availability of EGCG by taking it with Vitamin C. 

That's why the Optimal Antiox supplement includes a small and safe amount of EGCG, plus 500 mg of Vitamin C.  

This significantly enhances the absorption of EGCG, and ensures you get all the brain and mental health benefits of EGCG (without the harm).  

7. Grape Seed Extract

Grape seed extract is a supplement high in antioxidants that can help prevent memory loss and improve cognitive function.  

Grape seed extract contains high levels of an antioxidant called proanthocyanidin. 

Proanthocyanidin has been shown to increase acetylcholine levels and decrease the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (27).  

And one study found that taking grape seed extract every day can improve attention and memory (78).  

Grape seed extract is included in Optimal Antiox, and it contains 95% proanthocyanidins so that you get optimal results.

8. Magnesium

Magnesium is a vital mineral that participates in more than 300 biochemical reactions in your body.  

Unfortunately, a lot of people are deficient in magnesium.  

This is a shame because magnesium is absolutely essential for optimal brain function. 

Magnesium has been shown to have a strong accelerating action on the synthesis of acetylcholine (28).  

The mineral also increases the effectiveness of drugs that slow down the breakdown of acetylcholine (29). 

Since most people are deficient, magnesium is one of the three supplements that I think everyone should be taking every day.  

Epsom salt baths are another great way to increase your body’s intake of magnesium. 

You should also make sure you’re eating enough magnesium-rich foods on a regular basis, including:  

• Spinach 

• Chard 

• Pumpkin seeds  

• Almonds  

• Avocado  

• Dark chocolate  

• Bananas  

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health. 

9. Manganese

Manganese is an important trace mineral for human health. It acts as a cofactor, helping many enzymes carry out their functions in the body. 

Manganese has been shown to increase the synthesis of acetylcholine (30).  

Hazelnuts and macadamia nuts contain high levels of manganese, while leafy green vegetables, tea, chocolate and some fruits contain moderate levels. These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health. 

However, it’s important to note that you shouldn’t consume too much manganese.  

In excess, manganese is neurotoxic and can lead to manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.  

So I don’t recommend supplementing with very large doses of manganese.  

The small amount of manganese in Optimal Antiox is fine though.

10. Curcumin

Curcumin is the most heavily researched compound within turmeric, the spice that gives curry its yellow colour.  

It’s one of my favourite natural compounds for the brain. 

One reason is becayse the curcuminoids in turmeric significantly inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine, increasing levels in the brain. As a result, turmeric can improve memory and help treat Alzheimer's disease (31).  

Curcumin has also been shown to enhance the activity of acetylcholine in the brain (32-33).  

Curcumin is included in the Optimal Energy supplement. 

Since curcumin is a fat soluble, take it with a fatty meal. 

11. Coffee

Coffee and caffeine are excellent for brain health.  

There is lots of research showing they are very healthy and can lower the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.  

One reason is because they can help optimize acetylcholine levels.  

Research shows that caffeine enhances the release of acetylcholine and increases acetylcholine levels in the brain, particularly in the hippocampus, which is the “memory center” of the brain (17-18).  

I recently cut out coffee completely but I used to drink this high-quality coffee. 

You can also just take pure caffeine tablets if you want.

Coffee and caffeine can disrupt sleep though, so make sure you don’t drink it in the evening close to bed.  

Some people like me are really sensitive and have to stop drinking it very early in the day so that it doesn’t disrupt their sleep. I would have my last cup sometime between 10 in the morning and noon. Any later than that and it disrupted my sleep. 

It's also a good idea to try to consume the whole coffee fruit, instead of just coffee or pure caffeine.  

Traditionally, the coffee bean is extracted from the coffee fruit for roasting. And the surrounding fruit is discarded.  

But that’s a problem because the coffee fruit contains several healthy compounds not found in coffee beans themselves.  

And researchers have found that consuming whole coffee fruit concentrate can significantly enhance cognitive functioning.  

That’s why I included coffee fruit in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

12. Eggs

Eggs are one of the richest food sources of choline. 

And research shows that eating eggs can lead to a significant increase in choline levels in the blood and in the brain (19-20).  

I eat at least 3 eggs every day. They are full of nutrients and excellent for brain health. You should try to find pastured eggs from a local farmer in your area.  

Eggs are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health. 

13. Beef Liver

Beef liver is another very rich source of choline. 

And research shows that eating liver can lead to a significant increase in choline levels in the blood and in the brain (19-20). 

Beef liver is one of my three top foods I recommend eating for optimal brain health. 

It’s included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health. 

I don’t like the taste of cooked liver, so I take desiccated beef liver capsules instead.  

14. Uridine

Uridine is a natural compound commonly found in beer. 

I definitely don’t recommend drinking beer, but supplementing with pure uridine can protect the brain, enhance cognition, and increase mood and motivation. 

Researchers have found that supplementing with uridine increases acetylcholine concentrations in the brain (3).  

It’s important to note that uridine in food is not bioavailable, and no food has been shown to increase blood levels of uridine (74).  

So you’ll need to supplement with it. 

Uridine is synergistic with omega-3 fatty acids and choline, meaning they all work better when you take them together.  

15. Wild Blueberries

If you want to improve your cognitive performance, eating lots of fruits and vegetables is definitely something you’ll want to do regularly.  

Wild blueberries are particularly potent because of they are so rich in polyphenols. 

The polyphenols in wild blueberries have been shown to significantly improve learning and memory by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain (21-22).  

If you eat blueberries, make sure they are wild because they are richer in polyphenols.  

I buy wild blueberries every time I go grocery shopping. 

They are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.  

I try to eat one cup of them every day to support my brain health.  

Alternatively, you can take a blueberry extract.

In fact, most researchers use a concentrated blueberry extract instead of actual blueberries when they study the beneficial health effects of blueberries. 

It’s actually less expensive in the long run to take an extract than eat blueberries every day, but I just prefer to eat actual blueberries. It’s more enjoyable.  

You can also drink blueberry juice if you want. There is research showing that blueberry juice improves cognitive function in the elderly. 

Besides increasing acetylcholine, wild blueberries also improve brain health by increasing BDNF and improving brain blood flow. 

16. Omega-3 Fatty Acids

Omega-3s fatty acids are the highest quality fats for the brain and increasing your intake of them is one of the most impactful actions you can take to promote the normal functioning of your brain and nervous system.  

They have been shown in many studies to significantly reduce brain inflammation; improve memory, mood and cognition; and protect against mild cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. 

Research also shows that omega-3 fatty acids increase acetylcholine levels in the brain (34-35).  

It’s important to consume enough omega-3 fatty acids because they are essential fats that your body cannot produce itself.  

Omega-3 fatty acids are found primarily in cold water fish, including:  

• Salmon  

• Black cod  

• Sablefish  

• Sardines  

• Herring  

These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health. 

Unfortunately, most people don't consume enough omega-3 fatty acids through their diet.  

That’s why I recommend supplementing with krill oil, a special kind of fish oil that contains the essential omega-3 fatty acids.  

The Best Herbal Supplements to Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

There are many different herbs and natural plant compounds that can increase acetylcholine levels.

They usually work by inhibiting acetylcholine esterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the brain.

17. Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo Biloba is a plant that has been used in China for thousands of years to treat a number of health problems.  

It’s one of the top-selling natural supplements in the world, and it’s even a prescription herb in Germany.  

Ginkgo Biloba extract is most commonly used to improve brain health because it increases brain blood flow and improves memory, mood, mental energy, and attention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals. 

Ginkgo biloba extract has been shown to enhance cognition by increasing acetylcholine levels in the prefrontal cortex of the brain (42, 45).  

In one study, it significantly increased acetylcholine in the hippocampus, which is the area of the brain involved in memory (41). 

Another study found that it also inhibits acetylcholine esterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine. As a result, researchers think it could be used to treat dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (43-44).  

Ginkgo Biloba is included in the Optimal Brain supplement. 

18. Ginseng

Researchers have found that several types of ginseng significantly reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine (52).  

They also increase the synthesis of acetylcholine in the brain, which can reverse memory loss (53).  

The best form of ginseng that I have personally benefited the most from is American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius).  

I find that it improves my memory and clears brain fog very quickly.  

Research shows that American Ginseng enhances brain function by stimulating the production and release of acetylcholine in the brain (54-55).  

One study found it can recover the cognitive function by enhancing acetylcholine levels (56).  

19. Huperzine A

Huperzine A is a natural compound found in the Chinese herb Huperzia serrata.  

It has neuroprotective effects, and significantly improves cognition in animals and humans (40).  

It's been shown to block acetylcholine esterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine (39).  

As a result, it can increase acetylcholine levels in the brain, improving learning and memory (36).  

A systematic review concluded it can help reduce cognitive decline and slow down the development of neurodegenerative disorders (38-39).  

And in China, it’s approved and prescribed to treat Alzheimer’s disease (37).  

20. Bacopa

Bacopa monnieri is a medicinal herb that enhances cognition.  

It’s most commonly used to improve memory and reduce symptoms of dementia (48).  

Research shows that bacopa blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine and increases the production of acetylcholine (46, 49). 

One study found that it can even reverse the memory loss caused by anti-cholinergic drugs (47).  

Other studies show that it significantly improves learning and memory by significantly reducing the breakdown of acetylcholine (50-51).  

Besides improving memory and cognition, I have found bacopa very relaxing and good at reducing anxiety and stress. 

So it’s a good option if you’re looking for something to increase acetylcholine and relieve anxiety at the same time.  

21. Gotu Kola

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) is a traditional herb with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.  

It’s been used for centuries in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine to enhance cognition.  

Studies show that it enhances learning and memory by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (58-60).  

It’s even been shown to reduce the formation of amyloid plaques, which occurs in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease (57).  

It's important to point out that the Gotu Kola plant soaks up heavy metals from the soil. So you need to find a high-quality, organic source that doesn’t contain heavy metals.  

22. Galantamine

Galantamine is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Galanthus woronowii. 

It’s commonly used to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease because it can improve memory, cognitive performance, activities of daily living and behavioral symptoms (62, 64).  

Research shows that it maintains acetylcholine levels by slowing down the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (61).  

It also stimulates acetylcholine activity throughout the entire brain (63).  

23. Rhodiola

Rhodiola, also known as golden root or arctic root, is a Traditional Chinese and Scandinavian herb.  

It’s one of the most popular adaptogens used to increase physical and mental stamina. 

Rhodiola has been shown to improve learning and memory by reducing the breakdown of acetylcholine (65-67).  

As a result, researchers think it is a good candidate for the treatment of dementia and other memory disturbances (65).  

I personally take this rhodiola supplement. I don't take it every day, only when I need an extra boost in brain function and cognitive energy. It’s especially useful after stressful periods of pushing myself too hard. It helps me recover faster.  

Rhodiola also boosts dopamine levels and induces autophagy in the brain.  

Be sure to check out this post to learn more about the benefits of rhodiola. 

24. Rosemary

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is a medicinal plant rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. 

It has antidepressant effects by boosting cholinergic activity in brain cells (68).  

It also significantly reduces the breakdown of acetylcholine (69).  

Researchers found that simply inhaling rosemary essential oil can improve cognitive performance by preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine (70).  

Important Hormones That Increase Acetylcholine in the Brain

Hormones levels can also significantly impact your acetylcholine levels. Below are three main hormones that you should optimize.

25. Estrogen

Estrogen is the primary female sex hormone and responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system. 

Increasing estrogen levels has been shown to significantly increase the release of acetylcholine in the frontal cortex of the brain (71).  

I recommend both men and women get their hormone levels checked regularly, and then optimize them if they want to optimize brain function and feel their best.  

You can check your estrogen levels here. 

26. Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that significantly affects brain function.  

Researchers have found that it passes the blood-brain barrier and acts on insulin receptors directly within the brain.  

Unfortunately, many people today develop insulin resistance within the brain.  

When this happens, there is a reduction in cognitive function.  

So in a new therapeutic approach, commercially-available insulin (Novalin R) is being prepared and added to nasal spray bottles, and sprayed and inhaled through the nose to support the brain and mental health. 

Intranasal insulin has been reported to significantly enhance memory, increase mental energy and reduce brain fog. 

One possible way it does this is by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain.  

Research shows that insulin improves memory by enhancing cholinergic function and inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine in the brain (72). 

Intranasal insulin also improves brain blood flow and increases the formation of new synapses in the brain. 

If you’re interested in learning more about intranasal insulin, I previously wrote a full article about it. You can read that here. 

27. Melatonin

Melatonin is a hormone released by your pineal gland, a small gland in your brain. You can also take it as a supplement. 

It helps control your circadian rhythm, and adequate levels of melatonin are necessary to fall asleep quickly and sleep deeply throughout the night. 

Research shows that melatonin improves memory by enhancing cholinergic function and inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine (73). 

This sleep supplement, which contains magnesium and a number of other natural compounds that I’ve used over the years to promote the production of melatonin.

But I work with my clients so that they can naturally produce more melatonin and maximize the quality of their sleep without so many supplements. We have free online workshop that talks about how you can work with us. You can register for the workshop here.

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Live Optimally,

Jordan Fallis

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