Your brain isn't just a bunch of grey matter.
It’s an intricate network of billions of neurons, communicating through neurotransmitters.
One of these key neurotransmitters is glutamate.
Glutamate is an unsung hero, playing a vital role in your brain function and mental health.
However, as with many things in life, balance is key.
Glutamate is necessary for optimal brain function, but an excess can cause problems and impact your brain health.
That’s why understanding and managing glutamate levels in your brain is very important.
In this article, we’ll explore the fascinating world of glutamate.
I’ll delve into its function, and explain the causes and implications of excess glutamate.
But most importantly, I’ll share 29 practical strategies to reduce excess glutamate in the brain.
This is essential reading for anyone who wants to maintain balanced glutamate levels and optimize their brain function and mental health.
Are you ready to unravel the mysteries of glutamate?
Let's get started.
Understanding Glutamate: What Is It? What Does It Do in the Brain?
Imagine the brain as a bustling city.
It’s full of activity and flashing lights.
Signals are being sent back and forth.
Central to all of this activity is glutamate.
Glutamate is one of the most abundant neurotransmitters in your nervous system.
Glutamate enables communication between neurons, supporting crucial functions such as learning, memory, and cognitive processes.
It essentially acts like a postman in the brain, delivering messages between neurons.
When a neuron releases glutamate, it binds to specific receptors on a nearby neuron.
This triggers an electrical signal that moves through the neuron.
This then stimulates various responses that allow your brain to function normally.
So glutamate carries messages from neuron to neuron.
But, for all its importance, glutamate is also a bit of a Jekyll and Hyde character.
It's a necessity for normal brain function, but glutamate levels can get too high.
And this can have harmful consequences.
This is due to glutamate's excitatory nature.
Glutamate stimulates neurons to fire. In excess, this can lead to the overexcitation of neurons, a state known as excitotoxicity.
This excitotoxicity can cause neuronal damage or death, which can then lead to various neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and epilepsy.
Moreover, glutamate excess isn't a rare occurrence. It can be triggered by factors like stress, low magnesium levels, poor diet, alcohol and drug use, and even genetic predisposition.
Therefore, while glutamate is vital for our brains, it's a substance we need to handle with care.
Like city traffic, the right amount keeps things flowing smoothly. But too much can lead to chaos.
Understanding how to control glutamate levels in your brain is a vital step towards ensuring your brain runs smoothly and healthily.
In the upcoming sections, I'll explore the benefits of reducing glutamate, the signs and symptoms of excess glutamate, and then discuss practical strategies to keep it under control.
The Benefits of Reducing Excess Glutamate in the Brain
Maintaining a healthy balance of glutamate is crucial.
Reducing excess glutamate can have numerous benefits for brain health and overall wellbeing.
Here are some of the health benefits of reducing excess glutamate in the brain:
Neuroprotection: High levels of glutamate can cause excitotoxicity, a state of hyperactivity that can damage or even kill neurons. By keeping glutamate levels in check, you protect your neurons from damage, preserving the health and integrity of your brain tissue (70).
Reduced Risk of Neurological Disorders: Several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, have been linked to excessive glutamate activity. By regulating glutamate levels, you can reduce the risk or slow the progression of these disorders (71-73).
Improved Mental Health: Excess glutamate activity has also been implicated in several mental health disorders, including anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Balancing glutamate levels can help manage symptoms and promote better mental health (74-76).
Cognitive Enhancement: Glutamate is essential for synaptic plasticity, the process by which connections between neurons are strengthened or weakened, which is crucial for learning and memory. However, too much glutamate can interfere with this process. By reducing excess glutamate, you can enhance your cognitive function (77).
Prevention of Migraines and Seizures: Excessive glutamate release can lead to hyperexcitability of neurons, which can trigger migraines and seizures. Maintaining a healthy balance of glutamate can help prevent these issues (78-79).
Reduced Inflammation: Glutamate is involved in inflammatory processes within the brain. High levels of glutamate can contribute to neuroinflammation, which is linked to many brain disorders. Reducing excess glutamate can help control inflammation, further protecting brain health (80-81).
Signs, Symptoms and Health Conditions Associated with Excess Glutamate in the Brain
While we’ve established that glutamate is a key player in the brain, like an overenthusiastic musician, it can throw the entire orchestra out of tune when it plays too loudly.
But how do we know when glutamate is in overdrive?
Here, I’ll discuss the signs, symptoms and health conditions that indicate that you could have excess glutamate levels in your brain.
Remember, excess glutamate causes excitotoxicity – an overexcitation of neuronal activity.
This overexcitation can manifest in various ways, but some common symptoms and conditions include:
Alzheimer's Disease: Research points to glutamate excitotoxicity as a key player in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. This overstimulation of neurons by glutamate was found to contribute to the neural damage observed in this debilitating condition (72).
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): Also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, this is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons. Excitotoxicity is thought to be one of the factors leading to motor neuron death in ALS (82).
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): After a TBI, there can be a surge of glutamate that leads to excitotoxicity and further brain damage (83).
Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: These include Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. In these conditions, excitotoxicity caused by excess glutamate can contribute to the progressive loss of neurons (71).
Stroke: During a stroke, the lack of oxygen and glucose can lead to a massive release of glutamate, causing excitotoxicity and contributing to the damage seen in stroke (84).
Migraines: Studies highlight the role of elevated glutamate levels in triggering migraines. Excess glutamate was found to stimulate pain pathways in the brain, leading to the onset of migraines (78-79).
Epilepsy: Glutamate is involved in the initiation and spreading of seizure activity. Overexcitation of neurons can trigger seizures, and antiepileptic drugs often work by decreasing glutamate levels or blocking its effects (78-79).
Multiple Sclerosis: Some studies have suggested that glutamate excitotoxicity might be involved in the damage to neurons seen in multiple sclerosis (73).
Autism: Some research indicates that people with autism might have higher levels of glutamate, which could play a role in the symptoms of this condition (85).
Anxiety and Restlessness: Excess glutamate can lead to feelings of unease and nervousness, as the brain becomes overstimulated (86).
Insomnia: With glutamate firing up neurons, it can make it challenging for the brain to wind down for sleep (87).
Cognitive Impairment: Over time, chronic excess glutamate can lead to cognitive issues, such as memory loss or difficulty concentrating (88).
Low Mood and Depression: An imbalance in glutamate has been linked to mood disorders, including depression and bipolar disorder. Certain treatments for depression, such as ketamine, work by blocking glutamate activity (89).
Hyperactivity and ADHD: High glutamate levels are often observed in individuals with ADHD, contributing to their hyperactivity and difficulty focusing (90).
Schizophrenia: Studies suggest that schizophrenia might be related to hyperactivity of the glutamatergic system (91).
While research clearly illustrates that excess glutamate can cause harm, it's important to remember that glutamate isn't inherently 'bad'. In fact, it's crucial for our brain function.
The key lies in maintaining a balanced level of this vital neurotransmitter. In fact, balance is a central theme in brain health, and glutamate is no exception.
When in balance, glutamate facilitates learning, memory, and cognition, orchestrating a well-functioning neural network.
But when levels tip towards excess, it can lead to overstimulation of neurons, resulting in a range of symptoms and conditions that I discussed above.
Maintaining balanced glutamate levels is, therefore, of paramount importance for our brain health and overall wellbeing.
Just as a tightrope walker maintains a delicate balance to cross safely, so too must we balance our glutamate levels to ensure optimal brain function.
In the next sections, I'll delve into the science-backed steps you can take to reduce excess glutamate and keep it in balance.
The Best Lifestyle Habits, Therapies and Practices Proven to to Reduce Excess Glutamate in the Brain
1. Exercise
Physical activity has been shown to have profound effects on the brain, influencing cognition and mood.
This includes the regulation of neurotransmitters, including glutamate.
Research shows that exercise enhances overall brain metabolism, which involves the efficient processing and clearance of excess glutamate (4).
Exercise can also stimulate the conversion of glutamate into glutamine by activating an enzyme called glutamine synthetase (5).
This enzyme produces more glutamine, which is less excitatory than glutamate, and it can safely be stored in the brain or transported out of it.
Exercise can also enhance the expression of glutamate transporters, which are proteins responsible for moving glutamate away from the extracellular space where it can cause harm. As a result, exercise can help prevent the excessive accumulation of glutamate (6).
Exercise is recommended by many experts and it’s often their number one piece of advice for optimal brain health.
My usual advice is to find a sport or exercise routine that you enjoy, so that you’ll stick with it consistently.
Exercise also increases endorphins, nerve-growth factor, orexin, HRV, GABA, GDNF, and reduces inflammation in the brain.
2. Reduce Stress
High stress levels can influence glutamate production and increase glutamate levels in the brain.
Chronic or acute stress triggers a cascade of physiological responses, including the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Stress also increases the release of cortisol, a hormone that is released during stressful events.
These changes can then lead to an increase in glutamate levels.
Research shows that high levels of cortisol can increase glutamate release in certain regions of the brain (7).
Stress reduction can also promote the production of GABA, a neurotransmitter that counteracts the excitatory effects of glutamate.
Therefore, it's important to develop effective stress-management techniques.
The techniques to manage stress can vary widely. But many have been shown to have a positive impact on glutamate levels.
Some examples include meditation, yoga, tai chi, deep breathing, biofeedback, counseling and therapy, or even just pursuing a hobby that brings you joy and relaxation.
Remember, it's important to choose stress management techniques that suit your lifestyle and preferences, and regular practice is key.
3. Acupuncture
Acupuncture is an integral part of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
It has been practiced for hundreds of years for a variety of ailments.
Acupuncture involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body, known as acupoints, to manipulate the flow of energy and restore balance within the body.
Some studies suggest that acupuncture can help to balance glutamate levels in the brain.
Acupuncture can also stimulate the production of GABA, the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that counteracts the excitatory effects of glutamate (8).
Acupuncture is also known for its anti-inflammatory properties. Inflammation can stimulate glutamate release and impede its clearance, so acupuncture's ability to reduce neuroinflammation can help regulate glutamate levels (9).
I’m personally a big fan of auricular acupuncture. Auricular acupuncture is when needles are inserted into the ear.
I’d recommend trying to find a health practitioner in your area who provides it, especially if you’re weaning off psychiatric medication. It really helped me the first time I came off antidepressants. I was surprised. At the end of each appointment, my practitioner would secure small black seeds on my ear.
In my experience, ear acupuncture is more effective than regular acupuncture.
I also often lie on an acupuncture mat at home to relax before bed.
4. Meditation
Meditation is a mind-body practice that promotes focused attention, mindfulness, and a sense of inner peace.
It has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance mental wellbeing and resilience.
Meditation is personally one of my favorite daily activities to maintain optimal brain function and mental health.
It can influence various physiological and psychological processes, including the regulation of neurotransmitters like glutamate.
Research shows that meditation can stimulate the production of GABA,, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counteracts the excitatory effects of glutamate (10).
Meditation can also influence brain metabolism, leading to improved energy utilization and clearance of waste products, including excess glutamate (12).
Meditation comes in many forms, including mindfulness meditation, loving-kindness meditation, guided imagery, and body scan practices.
Experiment with different forms to find one that resonates with you.
You should aim for at least 10-20 minutes of meditation per day.
If you're new to meditation, start with just a few minutes each day and then gradually increase the time as you become more comfortable with the practice.
Remember, the benefits of meditation are usually seen with regular and consistent practice.
Make it a part of your daily routine, whether it's first thing in the morning, during your lunch break, or before bedtime.
If you're new to meditation, you might want to start with guided practices, or even seek the assistance of a meditation teacher.
There are also many apps available that offer guided meditations. These can be particularly helpful for beginners.
I personally use and recommend the Muse headband to meditate. It gives you real-time feedback while you meditate. It makes meditation a lot more fun and tolerable.
I previously wrote about it here, and you can get it through the Muse website.
Remember, just like any other skill, meditation takes practice and patience. Don't be discouraged if you don't see immediate changes. Over time, with consistent practice, you're likely to notice further improvements.
Always remember that the goal is not perfection but rather developing a greater sense of awareness and peace.
5. Yoga
Yoga is an ancient practice originating from India.
It involves a combination of physical postures, breath control, and meditation.
Yoga is increasingly recognized for its numerous physical and mental health benefits.
Its benefits extend to the regulation of brain chemistry, including neurotransmitters such as glutamate.
Yoga can stimulate the production of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counteracts the excitatory effects of glutamate (11).
Keep in mind that yoga practice should be adapted to individual abilities and needs.
It is often beneficial to seek instruction from a certified yoga teacher, especially for beginners.
So, consider joining a local yoga class or find online yoga classes that suit your level. The guidance of a professional can help you ensure proper form and avoid injury.
Consistency is also key. Even if it's just 15-20 minutes, regular practice can result in significant benefits.
Try different types of yoga to keep things interesting and to benefit from different postures and practices. This could include Hatha, Vinyasa, Yin, or Restorative yoga.
Despite all the great research behind yoga, I’m personally not a big fan of it. A lot of people swear by it but it’s just not for me. I prefer meditation and neurofeedback, which I’ll talk about now.
6. Neurofeedback
Neurofeedback, also known as EEG Biofeedback, is a type of biofeedback therapy that provides real-time displays of brain activity with the goal of self-regulation.
It involves observing one's own brain waves via an electroencephalogram (EEG) and learning how to control or modify them through feedback.
Neurofeedback has shown promise in the treatment of various neurological and psychiatric conditions.
Recent research suggests it also plays a role in regulating neurotransmitters such as glutamate (13).
Studies have shown that neurofeedback training can balance the excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA) neurotransmitter systems (14).
Personally, neurofeedback was one of the most impactful actions I took to overcome severe anxiety.
It works at a deep subconscious level, breaking the cycle of chronic anxiety.
It shifts you into a natural, healthier state of mind.
If you want to try neurofeedback, it’s best to work with a qualified neurofeedback practitioner to ensure the correct protocols are used. They’ll also interpret and respond to the feedback effectively.
If you’re interested in neurofeedback, I recommend becoming a client and working with us to determine the best type of neurofeedback for you and your condition. I have found that some types of neurofeedback are completely ineffective and may even be harmful. So it’s very important to do the right type of neurofeedback that actually works.
I also sometimes recommend the Muse headband. It’s a decent substitute to real neurofeedback and gives you real-time feedback on your brain waves while you meditate.
I previously wrote about the Muse headband here, and you can get it through the Muse website. But keep in mind that it’s definitely not as effective as clinical neurofeedback.
7. Deep Sleep
Sleep serves multiple critical roles in the body, from the consolidation of memory to the maintenance of mental health.
Research clearly shows that sleep plays a vital role in brain chemistry regulation, particularly concerning glutamate.
During the deep stages of sleep, the brain's glymphatic system (a waste clearance system) becomes more active. This system facilitates the removal of excess glutamate and other waste products from the brain, helping to maintain optimal glutamate balance (15).
Sleep also provides neurons a break from the constant excitatory activity that occurs during wakefulness, reducing the demand for glutamate. This pause allows for the maintenance of glutamate balance and prevents the overstimulation that could lead to excess glutamate.
Non-REM sleep also promotes the production of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counteracts the excitatory effects of glutamate (16).
Given the connection between sleep and glutamate regulation, prioritizing good sleep hygiene is crucial.
This involves maintaining a regular sleep schedule, creating a quiet and comfortable sleep environment, and addressing any underlying sleep issues.
Good sleep isn't a luxury. It's a necessity for optimal brain function and mental health.
I personally used to have very poor sleep and it was one of the main factors that contributed to my poor brain function and mental health.
If you’re having trouble with sleep, try this sleep supplement. It contains natural compounds that I’ve used over the years to get deeper and more restful sleep.
I also work with my clients so that they can naturally produce more melatonin and maximize the quality of their sleep without so many supplements. We have a free online workshop that talks about how you can work with us. You can register for the workshop here.
8. Avoid Neurotoxins
Neurotoxins are substances that can interfere with the structure or function of nervous tissue, including the neurons in our brain.
They can be found in a variety of environmental sources, including certain foods, heavy metals, pesticides, certain types of molds, and even in some household cleaning products.
Exposure to these neurotoxins can stimulate glutamate activity. Their detrimental impact on the brain can exacerbate the levels of glutamate and the effects of glutamate. They can inhibit the reuptake of glutamate, leading to its accumulation (17).
Many neurotoxins also increase the excitatory stimulation of neurons, often by mimicking the actions of glutamate. This can lead to an overstimulated, or 'excited', state in the brain that can result in neurotoxicity (18).
By avoiding neurotoxins, you can help prevent overstimulation and glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
Many neurotoxins can also trigger inflammation in the brain, which can stimulate the release of glutamate and hinder its clearance (19).
However, reducing your exposure to neurotoxins can reduce chronic inflammation and help regulate glutamate levels.
Avoiding neurotoxins involves lifestyle changes such as:
Choosing organic produce
Using natural cleaning products
Ensuring good ventilation in your living and working spaces
Ensuring safe drinking water
Having regular checks for mold or heavy metal exposure
Although complete avoidance may not always be possible due to ubiquitous environmental pollutants, reducing exposure and supporting the body's detoxification pathways can significantly help.
9. Stay Hydrated
Water is essential for all bodily functions.
This includes the efficient removal of toxins and waste products that can interfere with the regulation of neurotransmitters, including glutamate.
Water is essential for the proper functioning of the brain's transport systems, which remove excess glutamate and other waste products.
Without sufficient hydration, these transport systems work less efficiently, leading to an accumulation of glutamate (20).
So don't wait until you're thirsty to drink water. Make it a habit to sip on water throughout the day.
To stay adequately hydrated, it's generally recommended to consume at least eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day. But this can vary based on individual needs, climate, and activity level.
Pay attention to signs of dehydration, which can include dry mouth, fatigue, and darker urine.
Athletes or people who exercise regularly may need more fluids to replace the water lost through perspiration.
Furthermore, hydration doesn’t only come from water, but also from consuming a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, which have high water content.
Proper hydration is definitely an easily overlooked but important factor in the optimization of brain function.
Just make sure you’re drinking the purest water possible. I use a water filter to make sure I’m drinking the purest water available. It filters everything out of the water.
10. Detoxification
Detoxification is the body's natural process of neutralizing or eliminating toxins.
The body accomplishes this primarily through the liver, kidneys, and to some extent, the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and lungs.
This is an essential aspect of maintaining optimal health.
Toxins can originate from both internal sources (like metabolic byproducts) and external sources (such as pollutants, chemicals, and heavy metals).
Some toxins have neurotoxic properties, which means they can damage neurons or disrupt neuronal function.
These neurotoxins can contribute to excess glutamate by increasing glutamate release or blocking its reuptake (21).
By promoting detoxification, you help your body eliminate these toxins and reduce the neurotoxic burden (22).
As a result, you’re more likely to maintain balanced glutamate levels.
Some toxins can also trigger an inflammatory response, which can increase glutamate levels (23).
Effective detoxification can help modulate this immune response, helping your body maintain glutamate balance (24).
If you want to increase detoxification, you can try dry brushing, infrared sauna sessions, or eating lots of antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables.
Other detoxification strategies include regular exercise, hydration, dietary changes, and the use of specific supplements or therapies that support the liver and other detoxifying organs.
Optimal Antiox can also help with brain detoxification.
11. Limit Exposure to Loud Noises
The impact of noise on health is a burgeoning field of study.
Interestingly, prolonged exposure to loud noise has been associated with increased levels of glutamate.
Research shows that loud noise can release too much glutamate, overwhelming the glutamate receptors. This can then lead to loss of synapses and, eventually, a condition called sensorineural hearing loss (25).
Chronic noise exposure can also act as a stressor, triggering the release of stress hormones that can increase glutamate levels (26).
So it’s best to try to limit your exposure to loud noise as much as possible.
Practical strategies for reducing exposure to loud noises include:
Using earplugs or noise-canceling headphones in noisy environments
Limiting the use of loud machinery or equipment
Creating a quiet, peaceful environment at home and at work
Regular hearing checks can also help monitor any potential noise-induced hearing damage.
12. Cold Exposure
Cold exposure, or cold thermogenesis, is the process of subjecting your body to cold temperatures to stimulate physiological responses.
Benefits can range from improved immune function and metabolism to enhanced mood and cognitive function.
Cold exposure could also influence glutamate regulation.
In one study, researchers found that glutamate transmission is decreased in the brain during cold exposure (3).
Cold exposure also promotes the production of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances glutamate's excitatory effects (27).
Cold exposure can be practiced in various ways, such as taking cold showers, swimming in cold water, or spending time in colder outdoor environments.
However, it's crucial to approach cold exposure carefully. Extreme cold can be dangerous for some individuals, particularly those with certain health conditions.
Make sure you do this practice safely and within your comfort limits.
I personally take a cold shower every day.
During the winter, I’ll also go outside for short periods of time with hardly any clothes. It boosts my dopamine and increases my motivation.
You don’t have to be that extreme though.
You can start by finishing your next shower with one minute of cold water.
See how it feels, and then over time, increase the amount of time.
It can be a bit painful.
But the beneficial effects end up being worth it.
Another way is to stick your face, hand or foot in ice cold water.
Or you can try cold plunges, cold baths and even cryotherapy if you want.
Find what works best for you and do it regularly.
Overall, cold exposure is a chilly, but rewarding, journey to enhanced brain function and mental health.
The Best Nutrients, Foods and Dietary Changes Proven to to Reduce Excess Glutamate in the Brain
13. Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential fats that are well-recognized for their wide-ranging health benefits, including cognitive function.
Omega-3 fatty acids include EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).
These fats are very important for overall brain health.
Many studies show that they significantly reduce brain inflammation; improve memory, mood and cognition; and protect against mild cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
They can also help protect against glutamate toxicity.
Glutamate's excitatory action is mediated through calcium channels. Excessive glutamate can over-activate these channels, leading to a harmful influx of calcium into neurons.
But research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids can help modulate these calcium channels, thereby regulating glutamate-induced excitatory activity (28-29).
Omega-3 fatty acids can also enhance the function of glutamate transporters, proteins that remove glutamate from the synaptic cleft. This helps prevent excessive glutamate accumulation (30).
Lastly, chronic inflammation stimulates the excessive release of glutamate and hinders its reuptake, leading to its buildup. But Omega-3 fatty acids have potent anti-inflammatory properties, and by reducing inflammation, they can help maintain balanced glutamate levels (31).
Omega-3 fatty acids are considered “essential fatty acids”, meaning your body cannot create them. You have to get them from food or supplements.
Food sources of omega-3 fatty acids include:
Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines
Flaxseeds
Chia seeds
Walnuts
Eggs
These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain Health.
Supplements, like fish oil, are also commonly used to increase omega-3 intake.
14. Magnesium
Magnesium is an essential mineral involved in more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body.
It plays a vital role in maintaining brain health and regulating neurotransmitter activity, including glutamate.
Glutamate primarily exerts its effects via the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Excessive activation of NMDA receptors by glutamate can lead to neuronal damage, a phenomenon known as excitotoxicity.
But magnesium acts as a natural blocker of NMDA receptors. When magnesium levels are optimal, it protects against excessive glutamate activity by sitting inside the NMDA receptor's channel and preventing calcium influx (32).
Research indicates that magnesium also supports the function of glutamate transporters, which are proteins that clear glutamate from the synaptic cleft and prevent excessive accumulation (33-36).
Magnesium also contributes to the maintenance of the resting membrane potential, which is the electrical charge that exists across the neuronal membrane. This helps to stabilize neurons and protect them from the excitatory effects of glutamate (37-38).
Lastly, magnesium is involved in the enzymatic conversion of glutamate to GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances glutamate's excitatory effects (39).
There are a number of things you can do to make sure you’re getting enough magnesium, so that you maintain adequate magnesium levels and reduce excessive glutamate.
First, make sure you’re eating magnesium-rich foods on a regular basis, including:
Spinach
Chard
Pumpkin seeds
Almonds
Avocado
Dark chocolate
Bananas
These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.
You can also increase your body’s intake of magnesium by taking Epsom salt baths.
Supplementation is often a good idea for most people because many people are deficient.
Magnesium is included in this supplement.
15. Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a crucial nutrient involved in various biochemical reactions in the body.
It plays a role in protein metabolism, red blood cell formation, and neurotransmitter synthesis.
Vitamin B6 serves as a necessary cofactor for glutamate decarboxylase, which is an enzyme that converts glutamate into GABA.
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances the excitatory action of glutamate.
As a result, sufficient vitamin B6 can help maintain a balanced excitatory-inhibitory state in the brain (40-41).
Food sources of Vitamin B6 include:
Salmon
Chicken
Bananas
Potatoes
These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.
But if you want to see quick improvements, you may want to try supplementing with Vitamin B6.
When I took antidepressants and benzodiazepines for my chronic anxiety, I took a Vitamin B6 supplement.
This is because psychiatric medication can further deplete Vitamin B6, increasing anxiety in the long run.
So if you take medication to manage your anxiety, or you simply have anxiety and want to manage it better, I highly recommend supplementing with Vitamin B6.
That’s why I included it in the Optimal Calm supplement.
16. Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a potent antioxidant known for its immune-supportive properties.
But its roles extend beyond the immune system.
It also impacts brain health and neurotransmitter regulation, including glutamate.
Some research indicates that vitamin C can inhibit the release of glutamate from neurons. As a result, it can prevent excessive glutamate accumulation in the brain (42-44).
Vitamin C has also been found to promote the uptake of glutamate by neurons, which helps maintain balanced glutamate levels (42-44).
As you probably know, vitamin C is found in fruits and vegetables such as:
Citrus fruits
Strawberries
Bell peppers
Broccoli
Kiwi
These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.
In addition to getting vitamin C from fruits and vegetables, I take at least 500 mg of supplemental vitamin C every day. It’s included in Optimal Antiox.
I’ve taken up to 10 grams of vitamin C daily, and it definitely improves mood and reduces stress and anxiety.
17. Vitamin E
Vitamin E is a group of fat-soluble compounds known for their potent antioxidant properties.
It plays a vital role in various physiological processes, including those related to brain health and neurotransmission.
Vitamin E can inhibit the activation of an enzyme known as protein kinase C, which is involved in the release of glutamate (45).
By doing so, Vitamin E can help control the amount of glutamate released into the brain and prevent excessive glutamate activity (46-47).
Vitamin E has also been found to inhibit the binding of glutamate to its receptor, the NMDA receptor. By blocking this binding, Vitamin E can help regulate the excitatory effects of glutamate and reduce the risk of excitotoxicity (48-49).
Sources of Vitamin E include nuts, seeds, spinach and broccoli.
These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Brain and Mental Health.
For those who don’t get enough from their diet, Vitamin E supplements are available.
Vitamin E is included in the Optimal Antiox supplement.
18. Zinc
Zinc is an essential trace element that's vital for numerous biochemical processes in the body, including immune function, DNA synthesis, wound healing, and growth.
When it comes to brain function and mental health, zinc also plays a key role.
Zinc is known to modulate the function of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are primarily activated by glutamate. By binding to these receptors at a specific site, zinc can inhibit their activation and reduce the excitatory effects of glutamate (50).
Zinc can also influence the release of glutamate from nerve cells. Some research suggests that zinc's presence can inhibit the release of glutamate, thus helping prevent an excessive buildup of this neurotransmitter (51).
I created and take the Optimal Zinc supplement to make sure my zinc levels are optimal. I created it because I want to give my readers the very best zinc supplement so that they can experience superior results. I have found that many zinc supplements on the market fall short. Optimal Zinc includes several other nutrients and co-factors that increase the absorption of zinc.
Besides supplementing with zinc, you should also eat plenty of healthy, whole foods that contain zinc.
Some of the best foods to optimize your zinc levels include:
Oysters
Grass-fed beef
Pumpkin seeds
Cashews
Mushrooms
Spinach
These foods are included in my Free Grocery Shopping Guide for Optimal Mental Health.
19. Limit Glutamate-Boosting Additives
A significant part of managing glutamate levels involves taking a close look at your diet.
You especially need to keep an eye on food additives known to increase glutamate levels.
Key among these are monosodium glutamate (MSG), hydrolyzed vegetable protein, autolyzed yeast, and certain soy products.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a flavor enhancer often used in processed foods, and it contains glutamate.
By limiting MSG, you can directly reduce your intake of glutamate from dietary sources.
Similar reductions can be achieved by cutting down on hydrolyzed vegetable protein, autolyzed yeast, and certain soy products, all of which contain or lead to the formation of glutamate.
A diet high in these additives can lead to spikes in glutamate levels.
So it’s a good idea to read food labels carefully and avoid these additives.
Some evidence suggests that the glutamate in these food additives is more readily absorbed in the gut compared to naturally occurring glutamate in protein-rich foods (52).
Therefore, reducing these additives can help lower the amount of glutamate that's available for absorption into the bloodstream and the brain.
These additives are commonly found in processed and fast foods, which are generally lower in nutrients compared to whole foods.
So, by cutting down on foods containing these additives, you will naturally increase your consumption of healthier nutrient-rich foods. This will improve your overall brain function and mental health as well.
20. Limit Artificial Sweeteners (Aspartame)
Artificial sweeteners, particularly aspartame, are widely used in sugar-free and "diet" products, including soft drinks, candy, and baked goods.
However, they're not just a source of sweet taste. They can also influence your brain function and increase glutamate activity in the brain.
Some studies suggest that aspartame can increase the release of glutamate in certain parts of the brain, and reducing aspartame intake could lower this risk (53).
Artificial sweeteners are typically found in processed foods that often lack essential nutrients. So by reducing your intake of aspartame, you'll likely decrease your consumption of processed foods, and end up eating healthier, nutrient-dense foods that are better for your brain and mental health.
21. Limit Alcohol
Alcohol is a neurotoxin. It wreaks havoc on your brain by raising cortisol levels, disrupting the blood-brain barrier, and increasing inflammation and oxidative stress.
It also influences glutamate levels in the brain.
Alcohol consumption can initially suppress the glutamate system, leading to lower-than-normal levels of activity.
But then when alcohol consumption is stopped, the brain responds with a surge of glutamate activity, far above normal levels, which can lead to hyperexcitability and withdrawal symptoms (54).
There are ways to protect your brain from alcohol.
But you’re better off just avoiding it completely or significantly reducing your consumption if you’re trying to heal and recover from chronic health issues.
I personally don’t drink alcohol at all anymore. It’s just not worth it.
If you do decide to drink, this article discusses the types of alcohol that are better than others.
22. Limit Caffeine
Caffeine is a popular stimulant, known for its capacity to promote alertness and combat fatigue.
However, it also influences various brain processes, including the regulation of glutamate.
Caffeine works by blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. Adenosine normally dampens neural activity, but when caffeine blocks it, it leads to increased neural firing. This then stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like glutamate, leading to the overstimulation of neurons (55).
By limiting caffeine, you can maintain a more balanced neural activity and prevent surges in glutamate.
However, it’s important to point out that caffeine is definitely good for overall brain function. There is a lot of research showing it is very healthy and can be protective against dementia.
So you don’t need to eliminate all caffeine from your life. Just try to moderate your intake and reduce how much coffee, tea, and other caffeinated drinks you consume daily.
And keep in mind that it can disrupt your sleep and make people anxious. I used to not be able to handle any coffee at all. But now that I'm healthy, I can handle it just fine. I drink one cup of high-quality coffee most mornings.
But if you’re struggling with chronic stress and trying to optimize your glutamate system, I would recommend you limit your caffeine intake and avoid high doses of caffeine.
I would also recommend having caffeine-free days and/or stopping caffeine consumption several hours before bedtime to prevent potential sleep disruptions, which can also negatively impact glutamate activity.
An alternative solution is to consume the whole coffee fruit, instead of drinking coffee.
Concentrated coffee fruit extract doesn’t contain caffeine, but it does contain several healthy compounds not found in coffee beans themselves.
Scientists have discovered that ingesting whole coffee fruit concentrate significantly increases brain function.
Coffee fruit concentrate can be found in the Optimal Brain supplement.
The Best Natural Supplements and Herbs Proven to to Reduce Excess Glutamate in the Brain
23. Probiotics
The human gut is more than just a digestive organ.
It's also an intricate network of microbes, collectively known as the gut microbiome.
Your gut microbiome contains a variety of probiotics, which play crucial roles in your overall health.
In fact, there's a strong connection between your gut microbiome and brain function, often referred to as the gut-brain axis.
Ensuring a healthy gut microbiome through a balanced diet and probiotics can influence the regulation and balance of neurotransmitters, including glutamate.
Some strains of probiotics are even capable of producing neurotransmitters or their precursors.
For instance, certain Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species can produce GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances glutamate (56).
By enhancing GABA production, these probiotics can help maintain a healthy balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals in the brain.
In one study, researchers found that pure or mixed lactobacillus and bifidobacterium supplements can ameliorate glutamate excitotoxicity (1).
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are both included in the Optimal Biotics supplement.
Another study showed that multistrain probiotic supplements can influence glutamine/glutamate metabolism (2).
Chronic inflammation can also disrupt neurotransmitter regulation and lead to elevated glutamate levels.
But some probiotics possess anti-inflammatory properties and can help reduce inflammation and improve glutamate regulation (57).
Probiotics are most commonly found in fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut
But they can also be consumed through supplements, such as Optimal Biotics.
Check out this article for several other ways to increase good bacteria in your gut.
And if you struggle with anxiety or depression, here are 9 probiotic strains that can help.
24. Theanine
Theanine is an amino acid primarily found in tea leaves.
But it can also be taken as a supplement.
Theanine is known for its calming effects and ability to enhance focus and cognitive performance.
It crosses the blood-brain barrier and interacts with the brain's neurotransmitter systems, including glutamate.
In fact, theanine acts as a glutamate antagonist. This means it binds to the same receptors in the brain as glutamate, but does not activate them. Instead, it reduces the overall activity of glutamate and prevents overstimulation (58).
Theanine is also known to increase levels of GABA in the brain. GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances the excitatory action of glutamate (59).
Theanine is definitely one of my favorite compounds for optimal mental health because it stimulates many other neurotransmitters, including dopamine.
This stress-relief supplement includes theanine.
25. Taurine
Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid.
It is widely distributed throughout the body and plays multiple roles in supporting overall health.
One of its most intriguing functions, however, is its interaction with neurotransmitters, including glutamate.
Taurine is known to interact with the glutamate system in several ways.
First of all, it acts as a modulator of glutamate activity. It helps to keep glutamate within a healthy range and prevents overexcitation of neurons that can occur with excessive glutamate (60).
Taurine also enhances the activity of GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter that counterbalances glutamate (61).
Lastly, it regulates calcium flow in neurons. The uncontrolled influx of calcium is one mechanism through which excessive glutamate can damage neurons. Therefore, taurine can help protect the brain against the detrimental effects of excess glutamate (62).
Taurine is mainly found in animal products such as meats and dairy.
If you’re following a vegetarian or vegan diet, or if you struggle with chronic anxiety, I highly recommend supplementing with taurine.
Taurine is included in the Optimal Calm supplement.
26. GABA Supplements
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, acting as a counterbalance to excitatory neurotransmitters like glutamate.
You can also take GABA as a supplement.
GABA supplements are often used to promote relaxation, reduce stress, and improve sleep.
They can also play a significant role in maintaining glutamate levels.
GABA and glutamate function in a sort of seesaw manner.
When the activity of one increases, the other decreases. By boosting GABA levels, GABA supplements can help keep glutamate levels in check (63).
Many people claim to experience benefits from taking GABA as a supplement.
However, it's worth noting that there's some debate over the effectiveness of GABA supplements.
GABA has difficulty crossing the blood-brain barrier.
As a result, some researchers suggest that the benefits of GABA supplements may actually be due to their effects on the gut-brain axis, rather than a direct increase in brain GABA levels (64).
I personally don’t recommend taking GABA supplements because in most cases, it simply does not appear to cross the blood-brain barrier.
I have never found any benefits or noticed any effects (positive or negative) from taking GABA supplements. They never reduced my anxiety, and therefore I don’t feel comfortable recommending them.
You’re better off just taking supplements that naturally increase GABA (such as theanine and taurine) instead of taking GABA supplements directly.
However, there is another related compound called “phenibut” that works and can often help people.
Phenibut is an altered variation of GABA with powerful anti-stress, anti-anxiety, pro-relaxation and pro-sleep quality effects.
Phenibut can travel across the blood-brain barrier and thus have a very strong effect on sleep quality and anxiety levels.
The problem with Phenibut is that it’s addictive like benzodiazepines and you could experience strong withdrawal effects if you take it regularly and then try to stop it. For this reason, I can’t recommend it.
However, Phenibut is legal in most countries and you can buy it online. If you do decide to use it, you should use it sparingly during special occasions when you really need to reduce your stress and anxiety, such as before an important nerve-wracking public speaking engagement or presentation.
27. Resveratrol
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenol found in grapes, berries, peanuts, and red wine.
It is best known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
It’s been shown to increase NGF, help restore the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and support your mitochondria.
However, this compound also interacts with the brain's neurotransmitter systems, including the glutamate pathway.
Research suggests that resveratrol modulates the activity of NMDA receptors, a type of glutamate receptor. It appears to inhibit the overactivation of these receptors, protecting against the harmful effects of excessive glutamate activity (65).
Studies have also shown that resveratrol can enhance the uptake of glutamate from the synaptic cleft (the gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released). This can help prevent the accumulation of excess glutamate and protect neurons from overexcitation (66).
To consume enough resveratrol to reduce glutamate, you’ll need to supplement with it.
Resveratrol is included in this supplement.
28. Curcumin
Curcumin is the active component of turmeric, the spice that gives curry its yellow colour.
It is widely recognized for its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
But its impact extends to the realm of neurotransmission as well, particularly glutamate.
Research indicates that curcumin can influence the activity of NMDA receptors, a specific type of glutamate receptor. It inhibits the overactivation of these receptors, safeguarding against potential harm from an overabundance of glutamate (67).
Chronic inflammation can disrupt neurotransmitter balance and cause glutamate surges. But curcumin's powerful anti-inflammatory action can help mitigate this risk as well (68).
Curcumin is included in the Optimal Energy and Optimal Antiox supplements.
Since curcumin is fat soluble, it’s best absorbed when combined with a fatty meal or taken with fats like coconut oil or olive oil.
29. N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC)
N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) is a derivative of the amino acid cysteine.
It’s widely used as a supplement due to its antioxidant properties.
It also plays a role in the synthesis of glutathione, a potent antioxidant in the body.
Beyond these benefits, NAC has a specific interaction with glutamate in the brain.
NAC influences the glutamate system in a unique way by modulating the activity of the cystine-glutamate antiporter, a protein that regulates glutamate release into the synaptic cleft (the space between neurons where neurotransmitters are released).
By promoting the exchange of cystine for glutamate, NAC can help maintain balanced glutamate levels and prevent excessive glutamate activity (69).
NAC also plays a vital role in the body’s detoxification processes. This can help protect the brain from harmful toxins that can disrupt glutamate regulation.
If you are interested in trying NAC, it’s included in the Optimal Antiox supplement.
But make sure you read this previous article first to learn how I used NAC to optimize my brain function and mental health.
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